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Revival of Trade new agricultural practices and an increase in food production- freed families from the need to be self sufficient Italian Cities Flanders in northern France prospered and began to trade wool with Italian merchants...other cities (Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Fairs of Champagne) Money Economy gold and silver began to be in demand, trading companies and banking firms were created to manage the sale goods Commerical Capitalism an economic system in which people invest in trade and goods in order to make profit Growth of Cities and Towns revival of trade led to the revival of cities, merchants needed places to live and store goods, old Roman cities revived, new cities developed around castles burough/ burgh new walled additions onto castle/ manor estates bourgeoisie merchants and artists living in the buroughs rights of townspeople 1100-townspeople begin to obtain charters of liberty from the nobility (beginning of end of feudalism) commune an association of town residents who used force against their lay or ecclesiastical lords to gain rights city councils elected members who enacted legislation and served as judges and magistrates mayor by 1200-1300, position became the sole executive leader of towns Life in Medieval city narrow winding streets, 2-3 story houses, dirty and smelly, dangerous-robbery and fire! Industry in medieval city towns became more important centers for manufacturing goods guilds organized groups of artisans and craftsmen- set the standards for articles produced, regulated quantites and methods of production, as well as, prices of goods, regulated numbers of participants in specific trades, regulated qualifications: apprentice-journeymen-master Rise of universities/ guilds students earn a bachelor of arts degree/ master of arts, then maybe a law, medicine or theology deree- up to 10 yrs. longer- most students from middle class Development of Scholasticism philosophical and theological system- an attempt to reconcile faith and reason Thomas Aquinas Summa Theologica- atempted to reconcile Aristotle and Christianity, rational mind-could understand truths of phsical universe, only through divine help could reason understand spiritual truth vernacular common language troubadour poetry the nightingale-courtly love chanson de geste song of roland- song of deeds courtly romance artificial, aristocrat, secret-go-betweens, poetic Architecture revival of trade and growth of cities led churches to spring up all around western europe Romanesque fusion of clasical Roman and Germanic ideals- heavy, stone, dark, thick masonry, rounded arches, not much height, divided spaces, barrel vaulted ceilings-plain exterior/ intricate interior, thick stone walls, few windows Gothic cathedrals built in growing towns and cities and were the work of an entire community, thin masonry, stained glass windows, iconography, bell towers, pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, buttresses, floor plan of the cross