history ID list
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bendanhombre on May 22, 2010
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197 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Barter economy | the use of trade as opposed to using printed or coined monetary forms |
| Bronze Age | the period in which the production and use of bronze implements became basic to society; bronze made farming more efficient and revolutionized warfare. |
| cuneiform | a system of pictographs developed by the Sumerians that were drawn to represent ideas |
| Gilgamesh | a semi historical king of Uruk, who goes on the quest for eternal life after the death of his closest friend, Enkidu. His story was the world's first epic poem. |
| Hammurabi | king of the Amorites(setting up his capital in Babylon) who is most famous for his law code that established the law of the land. These laws and punishments covered nearly every dealing in daily life. |
| Hieroglyphs | a formal system of writing invented by the ancient Egyptians that relied on a combination of phonetic and visual symbols. |
| Neolithic | "New stone age" 7,000-3,500 b.c.e; more advance carving, building, farming, etc |
| Nile | the largest river in Egypt that served as a means of irrigation, farming aid, transport, etc. Very important in Egyptian life. |
| Paleolithic | "Old stone age", 400,000-7,000 b.c.e.; stone tools and weapons—very primitive. |
| Pharaoh | the leader of religious and political life in the Old Kingdom, he commanded the wealth, resources, and the peoples of Egypt. |
| Scarcity | when supply cannot meet the demand of the people |
| Sumer | home of the Sumerians, whom by 3000 b.c.e had established a number of towns in the southernmost part of Mesopotamia. |
| Aryans | members of the Indo-European migration who invade India in 1500; make the change from bronze to iron; become dominant force in India |
| Buddhism | founded by Siddhartha, who was a member of the Mahavira class; the two main beliefs of Buddhism are the 4 noble truths and the 8 fold path. |
| Caste system | the Indian system of dividing society into hereditary groups that limit interaction and marriage |
| Indus Valley Civilization | An ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys from 2600-1900 BCE. |
| Jainism | a religion that promotes living an ascetic life, as well as avoiding the destruction of any other living creature. |
| Karma | the tally of good and bad deeds that determines one's status in the next life |
| Moksha | release from the "Wheel of Life" |
| Nirvana | a state of blissful nothingness and freedom from reincarnation |
| Rigveda | the earliest collection of hymns, ritual texts, and philosophical treatsies, it is the central source of information on early Aryans. |
| Confuscianism | the ideas of Confucius recorded by his disciples in the analects(written philosophical ideas). These ideas are more ethical than political—he wrote that in the ideal society, superiors looked after those dependant on them, and inferiors devoted themselves to the service of their superiors. The main idea of Confucianism is that men of virtue should devote themselves to making the government work to the benefit of the people.Confucius also stressed the idea of "filial piety", which is the obedience of children to their parents. Confucianism also writes on the gentleman, or an ideal man and his morals. |
| Daoism | Daoists disagreed on the idea of Confucius,[daoists] saying that striving to make things better generally makes things worse. Instead of focusing on everyday things, they focused on the greater natural scheme of things called the dao. |
| First emperor | (of china) Qin Shi Huang—unified china during the warring states period, finally unifying china in 221, and ruled until his death in 210. He undertook the building project of the first great wall, and his tomb is guarded by the "terracotta soldiers". |
| Legalism | emphasized the need for rigorous laws, and stated that a strong government was not dependant on the morals and ethics of its leaders, but instead depended on an efficient system of political procedures. |
| Mandate of Heaven | the theory that heaven gives the king a mandate to rule only as long as he rules in the interests of the people. |
| Qin | (dynasty) the fourth century state under the rule of chief minister, Lord Shang, adopted many legalist ideas and abolished the aristocracy. Distinctions were now based on military rank. The government also split the country up into counties which had officials governing them based on the laws of the court. |
| Sages | legendary father like rulers of china that invented every aspect of human life; also acted as religious figures |
| Shang | the chief minister who ruled over the Qin Dynasty in the 4th century. |
| Yin Yang | a concept of complementary poles, one of which represents the feminine—dark and receptive, and the other represents masculine—bright and assertive. |
| Zhou | (dynasty) (ca. 1050-256 b.c.e.), set up a decentralized and feudal governmental structure which evolved into the multi-state system |
| Assyrian Empire | an empire which dominated N. Mesopotamia with their main capital at Nineveh on the Tigris river. They were heavily influenced by the Babylonian culture to the south. |
| Cyrus the Great | (r. 559-530 b.c.e) King of the Persians who conquered the Medes, and through his conquests, united the Iranian peoples. |
| Judaism | the beliefs of the Hebrews(later called Jews), which they felt were the laws of YHWH, or God. They believed they were God's chosen people. |
| Persian Empire | empire of modern day Iran |
| YHWH(Yahweh) | the God that the Jews believed in.(SINGULAR) |
| Zoroastrianism | The religion based on the teachings of Zoroaster, who emphasized the individual's responsibility to choose between good and evil. Though Zoroaster's teachings were often met with conflict, the Persian ruler, Darius, was a convert. |
| Acropolis | an elevated point within a city on which were temples, altars, and other dedications to the gods. |
| Alexander the Great | son of Philip, later came to be known as "the great" after leading the greeks and Macedonians into western asia, and overthrowing the Persian empire. Eventually in India, his troops refused to go farther, so the returned to the west. A year later, in 324 B.c.e, Alexander died. |
| Aristotle | student of Plato; used observation and analysis of natural phenomena to explain the cosmos. |
| Athens | intellectual center of the Greek world; strongest sense of polis |
| Delian League | Grand naval alliance, created by the Athenians and aimed at liberating Ionia from Persian rule |
| Democracy | "the power of the people"; type of greek gov't where all citizens regardless of wealth or birth status, administered the workings of the gov't. |
| Helots | state slaves in Sparta |
| Hesiod | famous greek bard; most famous work was the Theogony. |
| Homer | bard; wrote Iliad and Odyssey |
| Hoplites | heavily armored infantryman; backbone of greek army |
| Mercantilism | the economic concept that says to be the most powerful country, you need to be the richest; this spurred countries to establish colonies to make more money |
| Minoans | the earlier of the two well-documented early civilizations; arose around 3500 b.c.e on the island of Crete. |
| Mount Olympus | home of the Greek Deities |
| Myceneans | second well-documented early civilization; flourished b/w about 1575 and 1000 b.c.e. |
| Oligarchy | the rule of the few |
| Olympic games | originally the festivites at Olympia that included the most famous athletic contests: wrestling, discus, etc. |
| Pericles | turned Athens into the showplace of Greece in the late 5th century; made the acropolis incredible; supported and ordered the building of temples and buildings to honor Athens' patron Goddess, Athena. |
| Phalanx | greek battle formation; 8 men deep, as wide as needed; work as a conveyor belt. |
| Philip II of Macedon | took over Greece; father of Alexander |
| Plato | teacher of Aristotle; founded the Academy, a school dedicated to philosophy; thought that all tangible things were unreal "copies" or "ideas" that are constant and indestructible. He also thought the highest form of idea is "good", which he equated with God. |
| Polis | city state in Greece; people were fiercely loyal to their polis; these were almost separate countries. |
| Pre-Socratics | "pre Socrates"; consisted of Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, and Democritus. The culmination of their ideas was that four simple substances make up the universe: fire, air, earth, and water. |
| Seleucid Kingdom | used a LOT of colonies to support and benefit their government; military settlements from Western Asia Minor, all the way into India. |
| Sparta | most warring polis in Greece; concentrared mainly on fighting; created the lycurgan reforms which gave all people in Sparta equal political rights |
| Socrates | would state a general topic, pose questions, and then sought answers to those questions; he also felt that through knowledge, people could get closer to the supreme good, and thus find happiness. |
| Tyranny | Rule under a tyrant, a man who used his wealth to gain a political following that could take over an existing government. |
| Augustus | Grand-nephew of Caesar, put into power at the age of 18 after Caesar's murder; started the era of Pax Romana; Subtly changed rome from a republic into an empire; took all the positions of rome for himself and declared himself princeps civitatis which gave him basically the powers of an emperor, as well as power over the senate; also established the cult of Roma et Augustus. |
| Barracks Emperors | a series of military commanders who felt they could rule better than the current emperors; so, they used their military strength to seize power. |
| Cleopatra | Last pharaoh of Egypt; sided with marc antony against octavian |
| Constantine | Roman emperor who ruled from 306-377; promoted the tolerance of christianity |
| Consul | ruler of rome during the early and late republic |
| Diocletian | Roman emperor who ruled from 284-305 CE; ended the period of chaos after the end of the five good emperors, which involved barbarian invasions and the encroachment of other civilizations on the outskirts of their provinces; divided the empire into two halves, western and eastern, giving the western ruler the title augustus; appointed two men to assist them called caesars, this system was known as the tetrarchy |
| Edict of Milan | Edict that Constantine passed that allowed churches to own land, not be taxed, have their own judicial system, and develop a church hierarchy and legalized Christianity |
| Five good emperors/Antonines | - Antonines- Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius |
| Hannibal | Carthaginian general who led the Punic wars against Rome; defeated by Scipio Africanus |
| Julius Caesar | Part of the First Triumvirate; born of a noble family, was an able general and a brilliant politician with unbridled ambition- led troops to victory in Spain and Gaul- murdered |
| Latifundia | large farms owned by one rich family; made up of small farms bought up from poor people trying to stay above poverty- tended by slaves |
| Marc Antony | Roman general who fled Rome to Egypt and had an affair and children with Cleopatra and fought against Octavian in the battle of Actium |
| Mare Nostrum | what the Roman's called the Mediterranean; which they controlled |
| Mobile Legion | Rome's form of a military force |
| Paterfamilias | oldest male of the family; controlled everything and had the last word on what the family wanted |
| Patrician | Upper class people with a title in society- not necessarily rich |
| Plebeian | lower class people without titles- could be wealthy or poor |
| Senate | supreme governing body originally made up of only aristocrats |
| Struggle of the Orders | struggle between the plebes and patricians for rights; brought about the twelve tables |
| Nero | Roman emperor that persecuted Christians, one of the worst; great fire of rome happened under his rule and he was blamed for it |
| Octavian | Also known as augustus |
| Pompey | Part of the First Triumvirate; used military success in Spain to force the senate to allow him to run for consul |
| Scipio Africanus | oman general who led the counterattack to Carthage itself; defeated Hannibal in 202 BCE near the town of Zama |
| Diaspora | the forced dispersion of the Jews from Jerusalem between 132 and 135 |
| Rabbi | a jewish teacher |
| Allah | the Arabic word for God |
| Bedouin | the nomadic tribes concentrated in the Arabian Desert |
| Caliph | successor to Muhammad, representative, or "Commander of the Faithful" |
| Dhimmis | non-muslims living in Muslim controlled areas |
| Five Pillars of Islam | Statement of the faith("There is no God but God and Muhammad is the prophet of God"), pray five times a day(towards mecca), fast during the month of Ramadan, Go on a Hajj or pilgramage to Mecca at least once in your life, give alms to the Poor(donate 2.5 percent of your salary to charity) |
| Imam | the leader in community prayer |
| Jihad | "Holy struggle" describes the struggle in one's self to stay on the moral path. However, this also says that one should take up arms in defense of Islam from those who would seek to destroy it or stop its growth. |
| Muslim | "One who submits" |
| Qur'an | the holy book of Islam |
| Shi'a | followers of Ali(the Shi'ites) |
| Sunna | an Arabic term meaning "Trodden path"; refers to the deeds and sayings of Muhammad, which constitute the obligatory examples for muslim life |
| Ulama | a group of religious scholars whom the Sunnis trust to correctly interpret the Qur'an and the Sunna |
| Umma | a community who share a religious faith and commitment rather than a tribal tie |
| St. Augustine | wrote the Confessions and the City of God; traced the original sin back to sex and women |
| Battle of Tours/Poitiers | battle against the muslims; won by Charles Martel partially because of the revitalization of Stirrups |
| St. Benedict | saint who wrote the Rule of st. Benedict; a set of guidelines for coenobitic monasticism |
| Bull of Excommunication | the statement of the Pope(in the West) that was to excommunicate the Emperor in the East. |
| Caesaropapism | the idea that the Emperor should also be the supreme head of the Church. |
| Carolingian Renaissance | sparked by the emphasis that Charlemagne put on scholarliness during his rule |
| Charlemagne | a Frankish king; very good leader; fought in over 50 campaigns, losing only once in an ambush by the Basques; sparked the Carolingian renaissance; brilliant man, but probably dyslexic. |
| Charles Martel | Last Mayor of the Palace; defeated the Muslims at Tours/Poitiers |
| Clovis | first Frankish King to Convert to Orthodox Christianity (Upon influence from his wife, Clothild); created an early form of feudalism (civitas with counts governing them); conquered a lot of land; created the Merovingian dynasty. |
| Corpus Juris Civilis | the body of Civil law created upon request by Justinian; consisted of the Digest, the Institutes, and the Code. |
| Filioque Dispute | "and the son" dispute; the argument over whether or not God the Son was divine and Co-eternal with God the Father. |
| Hagia Sophia | Built by Justinian—the largest Cathedral in the world for over 1000 years |
| Iconoclasm Conflict | the destruction of Idols in the Byzantine empire by Leo III and his son Constantine V; started in 730 |
| Justinian the Great | most significant ruler of the Byzantine empire(his wife was Theodora); had three main goals: Re-conquer the west, re-organize the government(Corpus Juris Civilis), and strengthen and beautify Constantinople |
| Emperor Leo III | Emperor of the Byzantine empire during the Siege of Constantinople 717-718( SUPER IMPORTANT VICTORY FOR CHRISTIANITY), and the Iconoclasm controversy. |
| Pope Leo III | Pope during the rule of Charlemagne; his relationship with King Charlemagne was the peak of good King/Pope relationships |
| Patriarchs | the highest prelate of the Eastern Church |
| Pippin's Donation | the land Pippin took from the Lombards and gave to the Pope. These became the Papal States. |
| Primogeniture | the british system of inheritance in which the first born son would inherit all of his fathers estate; including title |
| St. Patrick | the saint responsible for the Christian conversion in Ireland; converted tribe-by-tribe |
| Theodora | wife of Justinian and huge influence on him until she died; received the rare title of augusta, or empress; very good co-ruler who held them empire together in times of revolt, riots, epidemics, etc. |
| Theodosius | made Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire in 380 C.E. |
| Vassal | a knight who has sworn loyalty to a particular lord. _____ derived from a celtic word meaning "servant". |
| Fief | a portion of land, the use of which was given by a lord to a vassal in exchange for the latter's oath of loyalty. |
| Feudalism | a medieval European political system that defines the military obligations and relations between a lord and his vassals and involves the granting of fiefs. |
| Manorialism | the economic system that governed rural life in medieval Europe, in which the landed estates of a lord were worked by the peasants under his jurisdiction in exchange for his protection |
| serf | a peasant who has lost his freedom and become permanently bound to the landed estate of a lord |
| jurors | in William the Conquerer's reign, a priest and six local people who swore an oath to answer truthfully all questions about their wealth |
| lay investiture | the selection and appointment of church officials by secular authorities |
| common law | a law that originated in, and was applied by the kings court. |
| saints | individuals who had lived particularly holy lives and were consequently accorded great honor by medieval christians; were believed to possess the power to work miracles and were frequently invoked for healing and protection |
| reconquista | a fourteenth century term used to describe the Christian crusade to wrest Spain back from the muslims; clerics believed it was a sacred and patriotic mission |
| Crusades | Holy wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of the Holy Land from the muslims in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries |
| Chivalry | a code of conduct of a knight, characterized by the virtues of bravery, generosity, honor, graciousness, mercy, and gallantry toward women |
| merchant guilds | associations of merchants and traders organized to provide greater security and minimize loss in commercial ventures |
| craft guilds | associations of artisans and craftsmen organized to regulate the quality, quantity, and price of the goods as well as the number of affiliated apprentices and journey |
| Hanseatic league | a mercantile association of towns that allowed for protection and security |
| commercial revolution | the transformation of the economic structure of europe, beginning in the 11th century, from a rural, manorial society to a more complex mercantile society. |
| college | a university was made up of a collection of these privately endowed residences for the lodging of poor students |
| Scholastics | medieval professors who developed a method of thinking, reasoning, and writing in which questions were raised and authorities cited on both sides of a question. |
| cathedral | a church headed by a bishop, which forms the administrative center of a diocese. From the greek term "kathedra", meaning "seat", since the cathedral housed the throne of bishop |
| Gothic | the term for the architectural and artistic style that prevailed in Europe from the mid twelfth to sixteenth century. |
| troubadours | medieval poets in S. Europe who wrote and sang lyrical verses devoted to the themes of love, desire, beauty, and gallantry. |
| Black Death | the bubonic plague that first struck Europe in 1347. It spread either in the bubonic form by flea bites or in the pneumonic form directly from the breath of one person to another. In less virulent forms, the disease reappeared many times until the early eighteenth century. |
| Great Schism | the period from 1378 to 1417 during which the western christian church had two popes, one in rome and one in Avignon |
| Jacquerie | a massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation |
| Renaissance | a french word translated from the latin rinascita, first used by art historian and critic Giorgio Vasari(1511-1574), meaning rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity. English speaking students adopted the french term. |
| Protestant Reformation | a reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century that rejected the institutionalization of Christianity that characterized the Roman Catholic Church and emphasized individual salvation by grace and through faith alone. |
| Signori | an italian word used to describe the rulers of city-states and the stated ruled by these men |
| patrons | wealthy individuals who provide financial support to scholars, painters, sculptors, poets, and/or architects |
| humanism | a term first used by Florentine rhetorician Leonard Bruni as a general word for "the new learning"; the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of realizing human potential |
| individualism | a basic feature of the italian renaissance stressing personality, uniqueness, genius, and self-consciousness |
| The prince | a 1513 treatise by Machiavelli on ways to gain, keep, and expand power; said that a government shouldn't be amoral, but also not be limited by moral restrictions; because of its subsequent impact, probably the most important literary work of the Renaissance |
| secularism | an attitude that tends to find the ultimate explanation of everything and the final end of humans beings in what reason and the senses can discover, rather than in any spiritual or transcendental belief. |
| Christian humanists | scholars from northern Europe who, in the later years of the fifteenth century, developed programs for broad social reform based on concepts set forth in the renaissance and on the ideals of the christian faith |
| debate about women | a discussion which began in the later years of the 14th century, that attempted to answer fundamental questions of gender and define the role of women in society |
| War of the roses | an exhausting conflict in 15th century england between the ducal houses of York(white rose) and Lancaster(red rose). The war lasted from 1455 until 1471 and ended with a victory of the Yorkist forces led by Edward IV. |
| New Christians | the translation of the Spanish word "conversos", referring to Spanish Jews who converted to christianity in the 14th century in order to avoid persecution |
| Indulgence | a papal statement granting remission of a priest imposed penalty for sin(no one knew what penalty god would impose after death) |
| William the Conquerer | (r. 1066-1087) becomes King of england; distributed land to all his Norman followers; required an oath of fealty from them; creates jurors; conducts the domesday reports which try to figure out where the wealth is and who has it |
| Henry II | (r. 1154-1189) English King; developed common law; sent out circuit judges; |
| Philip II | (r. 1180-1223) French king; began unifying France; vastly enlarged french territory; had a solid hold on N. France by his the time of his death |
| Otto I | (r. 936-973) made an alliance with the church that allowed him to assert his own right to appoint church officials--thus creating "lay investiture" |
| Frederick Barbarossa | (r. 1152-1190) Holy Roman Emperor(german); tried to make HRE a unified state; made alliances with lay princes; compelled churchmen to be his vassals; led six expeditions into italy but his brutal methods led to revolt, and eventually his defeat |
| Louis IX | (r. 1226-1270) French king; famous for his concern with justice; established the Parliament of Paris--basically a medieval supreme court (welcomed cases from lower courts) |
| John | Henry II's son; disappointment; so bad of a ruler that the barons revolted in 1215 and forced him to sign the Magna Carta--a limit on what kings could and could not do |
| William the Pious | (duke of aquitaine) established abbey of Cluny in Burgundy; declared that the monastery was to be free of any feudal responsibilities to him, or any other lord and that the church officials should only answer to the pope |
| Cluny | (monastery) established by william the pious in 909; strictly followed rule of saint benedict; became a source of stability and righteousness in the christian world. |
| Liturgy | "divine office" |
| Pope Leo IX | began the serious papal reforms; traveled widely and held councils that issued decrees against violence, simony, and clerical marriage |
| Pope Gregory VII | said that as heir to St. Peter's power and supreme voice of christianity on earth, the church should be completely free of lay control; in 1075, he ordered clerics who accepted lay gifts to be deposed and laymen to be excommunicated |
| Henry IV | (holy roman emperor) had his emperorship suspended by pope gregory, but stood out in the snow for four days, eventually winning over gregory, who HAD to grant him forgiveness(much to his dismay) |
| Pope Urban II | called for the first crusade against the infidels in 1095; did this to increase his power, as well as unite the warring nobles of europe |
| First crusade | successful due to religious zeal; captured jerusalem in 1099 due to arabic miscommunications and disunity; however, starvation and problems in supply lines had terrible effects on the______rs. |
| Fourth Crusade | crusaders were now in huge amounts of debt to the jews; stuck in constantinople and no other crusaders were showing up; so, furious, they sacked and pillaged constantinople. |
| Edward III | english king; paid homage to king philip VI of france for the rights to rule over aquitaine, but he was refused; also stated that the only way he could truly rule over aquitaine was to become king of france as well |
| Joan of Arc | born to pious peasants in 1412; revived french hope and fervor during the hundred years' war; began hearing voices of saints as an adolescent; convinced that Charles VII had to be king of France; burned at the stake after being condemned as a witch by the english after her capture by the burgundians |
| Charles VII | after the lucky success at orleans, believed to have been caused by Joan, becomes king of France at Reims; basically used joan for his own political promotion then abandoned her when she was captured |
| Pope Urban VI | elected pope after the roman citizens demanded a Roman pope; however, was tactless, arrogant, and a terrible pope; his position as pope was declared invalid by the cardinals of rome |
| Clement VII | elected by the roman cardinals who fled back to Avignon; set up office in opposition to Urban VI; thus causing the Great Schism |
| Martin V | elected pope after the great schism and "three popes at once" issue is resolved |
| Richard II | boy king who tricks the leaders of the peasant revolts into believing peace will be had, upon whence he crushes them unexpectedly with incredible brutality |
| Five Italian Superpowers | venice, naples, florence, papal states, and milan |
| Francesco Petrarch | italian poet and humanist; said that germanic migrations had caused the sharp break in culture with the glories of rome--causing the "dark ages". |
| humanities | "liberal studies" |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | wrote "The Prince" which served as a guideline for how a ruler should rule |
| Pope Julius II | prime example of renaissance popedom; tore down St. Peter's basilica and began the construction of the new one |
| Thomas More | Englishman; wrote the book "Utopia" which described the ideal community in an island somewhere off the coast of the New World; said that Men, Women, and Children balanced physical labor, with classical and intellectual activities |
| Erasmus | wrote "The Education of a Christian Prince"; a book that combined idealistic, and realistic suggestions for the proper education of a ruler through careful study of Plutarch, aristotle, Cicero, and Plato |
| Donatello | sculptor; revived the classical figure, with its balance and self awareness |
| Filipo Brunelleschi | designed a dome for the cathedral of florence and a hospital for orphans and foundlings in which all proportions were carefully thought out to achieve a sense of balance and harmony |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | much like rulers in France and England, were able to cut down on aristocratic influence by only appointing men of middle class backgrounds to their councils; supported christopher columbus and his expeditions; also requested permission for the Spanish Inquisition of the Jews(which they were granted). |
| Charles VII | revived the monarchy in France; reorganized the royal council appointing only middle class men; strengthened royal taxes(i.e on salt and land); creates FIRST STANDING ARMY |
| Louis XI | "the spider king"; named so, because of his treacherous character; son of Charles VII ;improved upon Charles' army and used it to stop military actions on the part of the nobles, and conquered the remaining noble holds on France's borders. |
| Francis I | met with Leo X at Bologna, where he bought back Lay investiture |
| Henry VII | worked to restore royal power; wants to reduce the power of the nobility; creates the court of star chamber--the beautiful torture room with the night sky ceiling mural. |
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