| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Simon Bolivar | The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. |
| Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla | Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811. |
| Jose Maria Morelos | Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814. |
| Confederation of 1867 | Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation. |
| Personalist leaders | Political leaders who rely on charisma and their ability to mobilize and direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitutions and laws. Nineteenth-century examples include Jose Antonio Paez of Venezuela and Andrew Jackson of the US. |
| Andrew Jackson | The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. |
| Jose Antonio Paez | A man who was very poweful but uneducated. He was a leader in South America because people trusted him. |
| Benito Juarez | Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico |
| Tecumseh | a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813) |
| Caste War | A rebellion of the Maya people against the government of Mexico in 1847. It nearly returned the Yucatan to Maya rule. Some Maya rebels retreated to unoccupied territories where they held out until 1901. |
| Abolitionists | activists seeking to end the practice of slavery and the worldwide slave trade. |
| Acculturation | the adoption of the language, customes, values, and behaviors of host nations by immigrants |
| Women's Rights Convention | An 1848 gathering of women angered by their exculsion from an international antislaery meeting. they met at Seneca Falls, New York to discuss women's rights. |
| Development | In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the economic process that led to industrialization, urbanization, the rise of a large and prosperous middle class, and heavy investment in education. |
| Underdevelopment | The condition experienced by economies that depend on colonial forms of production such as the export of raw materials and plantation crops with low wages and low investment in education. |
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