Neuro syndromes
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24 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Anterior Cerebral Artery Syndrome | Primarily affects frontal & parietal lob fxn producing altered mental status, impaired judgement, loss of behavioral inhibition, bowel & bladder incontinence, apraxia (nondominant) or aphasia (dominant), possible neglect. Contralateral sensory loss and hemiparesis in LE (no UE involvement) |
| Middle Cerebral Artery Syndrome | Supplies the face & Upper Extremities; Contralateral sensory loss and hemiparesis, with ARM more involved than leg; Broca's or Wernicke's aphasia if dominant hemisphere, Perceptual dysfunction (impaired spatial relations & body schema, R side neglect), Homonymous (ipsilateral) Hemianopsia, Loss of Conjugate gaze to the opposite side (gaze preference toward side of lesion), agnosia |
| Vertebrobasilar Artery Syndrome | 2 VA's arise off the subclavian arteries; Lesions involving Medial Medullary, Lateral Medullary, Basilar Artery, Medial Inferior Pontine, Lateral Inferior Pontine, & Posterior Cerebral Artery |
| Medial Medullary Syndrome | Occlusion or branch of lower basilar artery; (1) Ipsilateral paralysis of tongue (2) Contralateral paralysis of arm and leg with impaired sensation |
| Lateral Medullary Syndrome | AKA: Wallenberg's Syndrome; Vertebral, posterior inferior cerebellar or basilar artery occlusion; Ipsilateral cerebellar symptoms (ataxia; vertigo, nausea, and vomiting; nystagmus); Horner's Syndrome (miosis, ptosis, decreased sweating); Dysphagia, Impaired speech, Diminished gag reflex; Sensory loss of ipsilateral arm, trunk, or leg, Contralateral loss of pain and temperature of half of body sometimes face; Classic clinical demonstration of the anatomy of the TRIGEMINAL (V) Nerve |
| Vertebral-Basilar Artery Syndrome | Locked-in Syndrome (unable to move or speak but has full cognitive function), vertigo, nystagmus, syncope, ataxia, inability to speak, dysarthria, dysphagia, hemiplegia or tetraplegia, loss of consciousness |
| Medial Inferior Pontine Syndrome | (1) Ipsilateral signs and sx: Cerebellar (nystagmus, ataxia), Paralysis of conjugate gaze (to side of lesion), Diplopia (2) Contralateral Signs: Hemiparesis, Impaired sensation |
| Lateral Inferior Pontine Syndrome | Occlusion of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery; (1) Ipsilateral signs: Cerebellar (nystagmus, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, ataxia), Facial paralysis, Paralysis of conjugate gaze to the side of the lesion, Deafness, Tinnitus, Impaired facial sensation (2) Contralateral signs: Hemi impairment of pain and temperature |
| Basal Ganglia | Unconscious muscle contractions such as UE movements during walking (caudate nuc. & putamen), regulate amp.& velocity of postural/muscular tone. Symptoms specific to damage here include akinesia (can't initiate), bradykinesia (decreased amp.& velocity), dystonia, rigidity, resting/Parkinson's tremor, chorea, hemiballismus, and athetosis |
| Substantia Nigra | A structure in the Basal Ganglia; Functions to inhibit involuntary movements. Produces Dopamine so if injured can cause Parkinsons (SNc) |
| spasticity | Velocity dependent resistance to movement/PROM (same as saying velocity dependent hypertonia) |
| rigidity | Non-velocity dependent resistance to movement/PROM (aka non-velocity dependent hypertonia) |
| Dystonia | Involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions that cause twisting and repetitive movements, abnormal postures, or both |
| Posterior cerebral artery | Affects vision & thought, homonymous hemianopsia, visual agnosia, cortical blindness, impaired memory, anomia, loss of pain & temp., contralateral hemiplegia (central area), thalamic pain syndrome, alexia, ataxia, athetosis or choreiform movement, hemiballismus, Weber's Syndrome (oculomotor nerve palsy with contralateral hemiplegia) |
| Right hemisphere CVA | left sided hemipareses or hemiplegia, left hemianopsia, left inattention, decreased attn span, memory deficits, decreased abstract reasoning (test by having pt. explain the similarities b/w 2 similar objects or sayings, or explain a philosophical quote), emotional lability (can't control emotions), impulsive behaviors, decreased spatial orientation |
| Hemiparesis | Weakness on one side of the body |
| Hemiplegia | Paralysis on one side of the body |
| Left hemisphere CVA | Right side hemiparesis or hemiplegia,right hemianopsia, increased frustration, decreased processing, decreased discrimination b/w right/left, possible aphasia (expressive, receptive, global), possible motor apraxia (ideomotor or ideational) |
| Brainstem CVA | Unstable vital signs, decreased balance, decreased ability to swallow (dysphagia), bilateral weakness or paralysis |
| Cerebellar CVA | decreased balance, asthenia, ataxia (disdiadocokinesia, dysmetria, dysnergia), gait ataxia, hypotonia, decreased coordination, nausea, decreased ability for postural adjustment, nystagmus, intention/action tremor, rebound phenomenon (loss of check reflex causing inability to stop movement when resistance is eliminated), dysarthria (specifically scanning speech) |
| UE flexor synergy | Occurs when pt. attempts to lift up arm or reach for object. Scapula: Elevation and retraction, Shoulder: abduction & ER, Elbow: flexion, Forearm: supination, Wrist: flexion, Fingers: flexion w/ add, Thumb: flex w/ add |
| UE extensor synergy | Scapula: depression & protraction, Shoulder: IR & add, Elbow: extension, Forearm: pronation, Wrist: extension, Fingers: flx w/ add, Thumb: add w/ flx |
| LE flexor synergy | Hip: Abd w/ ER, Knee: flx, Ankle: DF w/ supination, Toes: great toe extension and flexion of remaining toes |
| LE extensor synergy | Hip: extension, IR, & Add; Knee: ext, Ankle: PF w/ inv., Toes: flexion & Add |
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