| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Mitosis | Cell division between eukaryotic cells; results in two genetically identical cells. |
| Binary Fission | Cell division between prokaryotic cells. |
| Telophase | Phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes have reached the opposite poles of the cell, and cell division is almost complete. |
| S Interphase | Phase of interphase in which DNA is replicated (synthesized) |
| Cell Plates | Cell wall material composed of cellulose which is deposited in the center of plant cells during cytokenesis |
| Spindle fibers | Microtubules that attach to the kinetochores, and pull chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell. |
| G1 Interphase | First phase of interphase during which cell growth occurs. |
| Centromere | Central region of a chromosome that joins together the two sister chromatids. |
| Prophase | Mitotic stage during which the chromatin begins to condense into chromosomes. |
| Interphase | Phase between cell divisions; individual chromosomes not yet visible. |
| G2 Interphase | Third and final stage of interphase during which the cell prepares for division. |
| Anaphase | Phase of mitosis in which the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell. |
| Chromatin | Material consisting of proteins and DNA that comprises chromosomes. |
| Kinetochores | Regions of the centromere that attach to the spindle fibers to aid in separation once the spindle fibers begin to shorten. |
| Sister chromatids | Two of these comprise a chromosome, and contain identical genetic information. |
| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm, either involving a cleavage furrow (animalia), or formation of cell plates (plantae). |
| Diploid 2n | Cells that contain 2 copies of each chromosome. |
| Centrioles | Microtubules in animal cells that organize formation of spindle fibers. |
| Haploid 1n | Contain 1 copy of each chromosome; created by meiosis in plant and animal cells. |
| Metaphase | Mitotic phase during which chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell attached to spindle fibers. |
| Prophase I | Phase of meiosis during which homologous chromosomes synapse (join) in pairs, and crossing over of genetic information occurs. |
| Oogenesis | Meiotic process that results in formation of one ovum (egg) cell. |
| Metaphase I | Meiotic stage in which pairs of homologous chromosomes line up in the center of the cell. |
| Metaphase II | Meiotic stage in which the haploid number of chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. |
| Anaphase I | Phase of meiosis during which homologous chromosomes separate from each other. |
| Homologous chromosomes | Similar chromosomes that contain the same genes, but possibly different specific genetic information. |
| Zygote | A cell that results from the fusion of two gamete cells. |
| Fertilization | Fusion of sperm nucleus with an egg nucleus. |
| Meiosis | Division of the nucleus which results in four genetically unique haploid cells. |
| Crossing over | Exchange of segments of genetic information amongst paired homologous chromosomes during Prophase I (Meiosis). |
| Spermatogenesis | Meiotic process that results in the formation of four spermatozoa (sperm). |
| Polar bodies | Cells formed during oogenesis which contain very little cytoplasm, and disintegrate. |
| Gametes | Haploid cells such as an egg and sperm which will come together during fertilization. |
| Non-disjunction | Meiotic abnormality which causes varieties in chromosome numbers. |
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