| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Zulu | A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818. |
| Sokoto Caliphate | large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria. |
| Modernization | The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies. |
| Muhammad Ali | Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. |
| "Legitimate" trade | Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade. |
| Recaptives | Africans rescued by Britain's Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the nineteenth century and restored to free status. |
| Nawab | A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor. |
| Sepoy | A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British. |
| British raj | The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government. |
| Sepoy Rebellion | The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. |
| Durbar | An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire. |
| Indian Civil Service | The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians. |
| Indian National Congress | A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. |
| Clipper ship | Large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel, often American built, of the mid-to-late nineteenth century rigged with vast canvas sails hung from tall masts. |
| Contract of Indenture | A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. |
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