CCMH AP4 Nutrition Review Final Exam Study Guide
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139 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Macronutrients | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & water |
| Main function & caloric intake of Carbohydrates | energy, 4Kcal; 50-60% of daily caloric intake |
| Main function & caloric intake of Lipids | storage of energy; 9Kcal; less than 30 % of daily caloric intake |
| Main function & caloric intake of Protein | structure; 4Kcal; 0.8Kg or 15-25% of daily caloric intake |
| 3 main catagories of carbohydrates | monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
| Monosaccharide | simplest: glucose, fructose, galactose |
| Disaccharide | sucrose, maltose, lactose & lactulose |
| Polysaccharide | starch, glycogen, soluble & insoluble |
| Fiber is subdivided into | soluble & insoluble |
| RDA for fibers is | 25-35 per day |
| Soluble fiber | helps to reduce blood cholesterol levels |
| Insoluble fiber | is important for colon health |
| 4 disorders of carbohydrate metabolism | galactosemia, primary lactase deficiency, lactose intolerance, sucrase deficiency |
| Galatosemia | inherited, early onset, accumulation of galatose in blood, severe symptoms = failure to thrive |
| Primary lactase deficiency | body cannot digest lactose, GI symptoms, early onset |
| Lactose intolerance | later onset, varied severity, various causes: inheritance, increased antibiotic use |
| Sucrase deficiency | similar to lactase deficiency:body cannot digest sucrase, GI symptoms, early onset |
| Functions of Carbohydrates | primary energy source for energy; balance protein & fat metabolism; fiber: important for bowel fx, waste elimination & blood sugar control; liver detox |
| Amino acids | the basic building blocks for proteins |
| Proteins are subdivided into | essential & nonessential |
| Urea/Ammonia | the main waste product produced by protein metabolism |
| Dietary sources of protein | complete: animal based; incomplete: plant based |
| Complete & incomplete protein forms | are based upon the range of amino acids present |
| Disorders of protein | Celiac disease & Milk protein allergy |
| 2 types of protein malnutrition | Maramus; Kwashiorkor disease |
| Maramus | "starvation"; both protein & calorie deficiency |
| Kwashiorkor Disease | protein deficiency with appropriate caloric intake |
| Functions of amino acids | tissue repair; immune system support; neurotransmitter support; growth; osmotic balance; pH balance |
| Fats | should comprise no more than 30% of daily caloric intake |
| Fatty acids are named based on | number of carbohydrates, degree of saturation & location of the first double bond |
| Saturated fats | have no double bonds |
| Saturated fats come from | animal sources |
| Mono-unsaturated Fats | have one double bond |
| Poly-unsaturated Fats | have many double bonds |
| Mono & Poly-unsaturated Fats | come from plant sources |
| 2 groups of essential fatty acids | omega 6 (linoleic acid); omega 3 (linolenic acid) |
| Results of essential fatty acid deficiency | dermatitis & blood clotting |
| Trans-fats | the hydrogenation of unsaturated fats |
| Trans-fats promote | increased cholesterol; fatty liver |
| Function of fats | energy storage; protect & insulate organs; slow gastric emptying |
| 2 major types of cholesterol | based on the density: HDL (high density lipids) & LDL (low density lipids) |
| LDL (low density lipids) | bad cholesterol because it transports cholesterol to body cells |
| HDL (high density lipids) | good cholesterol |
| Risk of heart disease increases | when good + bad cholesterol are over 5.2mmol/l |
| Total dietary cholesterol should not exceed | 300mg/day |
| Cholesterol | important in the formation of hormones, vitamin D & bile acids |
| Vitamin D | is formed in the skin |
| Factors affecting blood cholesterol | increased trans-fats & saturated fats; decreased fiber & decreased exercise |
| 60% of body weight | is water |
| An adult requires | 2-3 litres of water per day |
| Fat soluble vitamins include | vitamins: A, D, E and K |
| Water soluble vitamins | B(s), C, folic acid, pantothemic, biotin |
| Fat soluble vitamins taken in high dosage | have the potential become toxic because these vitamins are stored |
| Main anti-oxidant nutrients | vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin E and selinium |
| Function of vitamin C | antibody production, protein metabolism, collagen synthesis/connective tissue, supports liver detox, wound healing, cancer prevention, iron absorption in the GI tract |
| Scurvy | vitamin C deficiency |
| Vitamin C toxicity | diarrhea/GI upset, increased uric acid formation, rebound scurvy |
| Common sources of Vitamin C | fresh fruit especially citrus, kiwi, strawberries, red/orange peppers |
| RDAf of Vitamin C | 75mg/d; maximum = 90mg/d |
| Vitamin E | found in all cell membranes & protects from oxidation |
| Sources of Vitamin E | nut/seed oils, avacados |
| Mineral Selenium | acts closely with vitamin E in protecting cell membranes |
| Beta carotene | the precursor to vitamin A |
| Vitamin A deficiency | nycotolopia: night blindness |
| Function of Vitamin A | eyes: retinol: important for vision/light accomodation; epithelial regeneration; immune functions; bone growth/development; anti-cancer functions |
| Vitamin A is potentially toxic | especially among pregnant women (fetal malformation: 5000IU maximum) |
| Beta carotene | is not toxic to pregnant women |
| Sources of Vitamin A | organ meats, butter, eggs |
| Sources of Beta Carotene | carrots, orange/red vegetables; (water soluble) |
| Thiamin (B1) deficiency | can result from high alcohol intake |
| Beri Beri | disease resulting from thiamin deficiency |
| Symptoms of thiamin deficiency | anorexia; weakness; impaired memory; neuropathy |
| Sources of thiamin (B1) | legumes, nuts, seeds, grains |
| Function of thiamin | carbohydrate & energy metabolism of cellular respiration; formation of acetylcholine: neurotransmitter (especially for memory) |
| Riboflavin (B2) function | a component of the co-enzyme FAD/FADH+H; important for energy metabolism |
| Niacin (B3) | can be formed from the amino acid tryptophan |
| Co-enzyme NAD/NADH+H | niacin is a component |
| Niacin (B3) deficiency | symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (3 D's) |
| 3 stored water soluble vitamins | pantothenic, B12, B6 |
| Function of Pyridoxine (B6) | amino acid/protein metabolism; neurotransmitter synthesis (serotonin; epinephrine; histamine); hemoglobin synthesis; glycogenolysis: release of glucose from liver |
| Vitamin B12 | requires intrinsic factor for absorption |
| Impaired absorption of B12 | deficiency results in pernicious anemia |
| Pernicious anemia | type of macrocytic anemia |
| Folic acid deficiency | results in macrocytic anemia |
| Functions of B12 | synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA/RNA); essential for: red blood cell formation, protecting myelin of nerves; metabolism of fat, protein, carbohydrated; manufacturer of choline: important for memory |
| Sources of vitamin B12 | found in animal or fortified products |
| Sources of folic acid | found in green leafie vegetables & liver |
| 400mcg/d supplimentation of folic acid | in pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in infants |
| Pantothenic Acid (B5) | a component of co-enzyme A |
| Function of Pantothenic Acid (B5) | important for the metabolism of cholesterol, steroids, fatty acids |
| Function of Biotin | metabolism of fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates; maintains healthy skin, hair, nails; related to B12 & folic acid metabolism |
| Function of choline | part of acetylcholin (memory neurotransmitter); Lipotropic factor: fat metabolism in liver & lipoprotein production; component of nerve tissue/brain |
| Important nutrients for bone health | calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorous & florides |
| RDAf for calcium | for 19-50 yr olds is 1000mg/day |
| Functions of Calcium | healthy bones & teeth; vasodilation/vasoconstriction, mm contraction/relaxation; neurotransmitter release; blood clotting |
| Dairy | a good source of calcium |
| Ricketts | result from a calcium deficiency and/or vitamin D |
| Ricketts in adults is called | osteomalacia |
| Osteoporosis | a condition where calcium is lost from bone faster than it is deposited |
| Function of phosphorous | component of ADP/ATP; cell membranes; buffering blood pH; cell growth/repair; enzyme regulation (phosphorylation); bones & teeth |
| Phosphorous | is a structural component of bones & teeth |
| Function of magnesium | bone health; nerve conduction; muscle contraction/relaxation; numerous enzyme reactions (works with B6 in neurotransmitter metabolism) |
| Sources of magnesium | nuts, seeds, legumes |
| Magnesium | is important in mm function |
| Magnesium deficiency | symptoms of mm cramping & heart arhythmia |
| Vitamin D metabolism | involves the organs, skin, liver & kidneys |
| Function of vitamin D | stimulates GI absorption of calcium & phosphorous; stimulates kidney reabsorption of calcium & phosphorous; required for healthy bone development |
| Vitamin D | 400IU/day; fat soluble vitamin |
| Flouride | is important for teeth |
| Main source of flouride | flouridated water & dental products |
| Vitamin K | comes from gut bacteria & green vegetables |
| Vitamin K is critical | for blood clotting |
| Anticoagulant drugs | decrease the activity of vitamin K and bruising is easy |
| Iron deficiency | can result in anemia |
| Iron | essential for the formation of hemoglobin |
| Most potential for toxicity of all minerals | iron |
| Chromium | important for glucose metabolism |
| Copper | important for hemoglobin synthesis |
| Iodine deficiency | results in goiter/thyroid problems |
| Zinc | important for immune function; male health (sperm production/prostate health), taste function & appetite |
| Dairy | according to the Canada's food guide: 2-3 servings per day |
| Grains | according to the Canada's food guide: 6-8 servings per day |
| Fruit/Vegetables | according to the Canada's food guide: 7-10 servings per day |
| Meat/Alternatives | according to the Canada's food guide: 2-3 servings per day |
| Ketosis, low fiber, low calcium & weight loss | result of popular low carbohydrate, high protein diet |
| Zone Diet | comprised of 40% carbohydrates; 30% fats & 30% proteins |
| Anorexia Nervosa | self-starvation is the main characteristic |
| Bulemia | bingeing & purging of food by various means |
| Warning signs of anorexia | fear of gaining weight, thin, dry skin, brittle nail/hair, hypothermia, mood alteration/depression/amenoria |
| Warning signs of bulemia | preoccupation with food, binge eating, compulsive exercising, broken blood vessels in eyes, weakened dental enamel/cavities, TMJ syndrome |
| Dietary cancer risk factors | low fiber; obesity; high fat diet (especially saturated fats); alcohol & cigarettes; carcinogens/additive in food (nitrates, sulfates & pesticides) |
| Body Mass Index equation | weight (Kg) / height (m2) |
| Zone A BMI less than 20 | may be associated with health problems for some people |
| Zone B BMI between 20 & 25 | good weight for most people; generally acceptable range |
| Zone C BMI between 25 & 27 | may lead to health problems in some people; generally acceptable range |
| Zone D BMI more than 27 | increasing risk of developing health problems |
| Food Allergy | medical term; immune system mediated (IgG, IgE) |
| Food Sensitivity | general term; any system body system can be involved |
| Food Intolerance | reaction isn't immune mediated; digestive system eg) latose intolerance |
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