| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Adapted/ Acquired immune response | takes longer cuz its more specific! |
| Antigen | provokes an immune response! |
| 4 charactoristics of the acquired immune response | Specificity, Diversity, Memory, and Self/nonself recognition |
| Specificity of the acquired immune system | refers to the ability of the immune system to recognize a diverse set of pathogens...by recognizeing antigens. |
| Antigen | Foreign molecule that elicits a specific immune response by lymphocytes |
| Antigen Receptor | Plasma membrane bound receptors on lymphocytes that allow the lymphocytes to recognize antigenic determinants or epiotopes (microbial fingerprint) |
| Membrane receptor (antigen receptor) | membrane bound antibody)...B CELLS! |
| T Cell Receptors | t cells...another type of antigen receptor |
| Antibodies are secreted by | B Cells |
| Antibody | Antigen binding protein (immunoglobulin) secreted by B cells |
| Diversity of immune system | arises early in developement BEFORE antigen exposure, millions of different B and T cells are made, allows recognition of several (like 10 million) different epitopes. |
| Memory of the acquired response | once an acquired immune response is mounted, the body will remember that infection and fight it again before we even notice it ifwe are reinfected. |
| Clonal selection | occurs when cells recognize the antigen that matches the reeptor on the surface of that cell. |
| During "activation" of the memory... | the cell is activated and makes many identical copies of itself that are ready to generate the appropriate response to that antigen. |
| 2 types of cells made during activation and clonal selection | effector and memory cells |
| Effector cells | are activated and will generate the appropriate response against the pathogen (main job is to fight off the pathogen) |
| Memory cells | are long lived cells bearing receptors specific for same antigen (made during primary immune system) |
| Primary immune response | triggered by first time antigen exposure (2-4 weeks to occur) |
| Secondary immune response | triggered by repeated antigen exposure (much quicker and tougher response!) (memory cells attack!) |
| MHC molecules | collection of cell surface glycoproteins that mark cells as "self", encoded by a multigene family |
| Class 1 MHC Molecules | found on virtually all nucleated cells |
| Class 2 MHC molecules | found on macrophages, B cells, and activated T cells |
| Everyone's MHC surface collection is | different/ unique to each individual |
| Antigen presentation | function of MHC molecules |
| Tc cells recognize | Class 1 MHC molecules/antigen complexes |
| Th cells recognize | Class 2 MHC molecules/ antigen complexes |
| Antigen presentation= | combination of self (MHC molecules) and nonself (antigen fragment) |
| Antigen presenting cells (APC's) | capture and process microbes and present antigens on the cell surface on MHC molecules to T lymphocytes |
| Ex of APC | macrophages, dendriticcells, and B cells are ex of these |
| APC's present antigen on | MHC Class 2 molecules to T lymphocytes |
| helper T cells coordinate | the immune response |
| Cytotoxic T cells kill | infected cells |
| B lymphocytes secrete | antibodies during humoral immune responses |
| Humoral immunity | Antibody-mediated immunity- B cells produce antibodies that bind to antigens in body fluids... |
| Cell-mediated immunity | Tc cells attack and eliminate infected cells |
| APC have what on their suface? | class 2 MHC molecules (macrophages or Bcells) |
| CD4 stabilizes interaction between | naive Th cell and APC |
| An APC releases a cytokine called | interleukin-1 (IL-1) |
| Activated helper T cell undergoes | Clonal selection |
| Interleukin-2 facilitates | clonal selection of B, Tc and Th cells |
| IL-2 also stimulates | same helper T cell (positive feedback) |
| Secretion of IL-2 is required to activate | most B cells and all Tc cells |
| Th1 cells can stimulate | infected macrophages, helping them to kill the pathogen inside the macrophage. |
| Th2 cells can stimulate | B cells to be activated and produce antibodies |
| Humoral immunity is effective against pathogens in the what? | Blood |
| T-dependent antigens | B cells depend on help from the Th2 cell to help it be activated |
| T-independent antigens | trigger independent activation of B cells |
| Epitope | small portion of antigen molecule with which antibody interacts |
| Antibodies=globular proteins= | immunoglobulins (Igs) |
| IgM | the first antibody produced during primary response |
| IgG | is used during secondary responses and protects a fetus (an antibody) |
| IgA is secreted | and is protects body cavities (an antibody) |
| IgD is bound to | B cells |
| IgE binds to mast cells and plays role in | allergic responses |
| Tail of antibody determines | class |
| Opsonization | Enhancement of phagocytosis by macrophages |
| Neutralization | antibody binds to and blocks activity of antigen |
| Precipitation | cross linking of soluble antigen molecules |
| Complement Fixation | Activation of complement system...involves a cascade of activation steps that results in lysis of pathogeniccell by Membrane Attack complex (MAC) |
| Classica pathway | antibody dependent pathway |
| Alternate pathway | antibody independent (nonspecific Response) pathway |
| Activated complement proteins also contribute to what? | Inflammation |
| Cell-mediated immunity if effective against | intracellular pathogens and tumor cells |
Combine with other sets
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