| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Gametogenesis | The production of gametes |
| Speromatogenesis | The production of sperm |
| Oogenesis | The production of eggs |
| Where does Spermatogenesis occur? | in the testes |
| Where are the testes found | in the scrotum |
| What are the two functional components of the testes and what is the purpose of each? | Seminiferous tubles (where sperm is produced), and Intersitial cells (secrete hormone, testosterone) |
| During spermatogenesis the cells lining the seniferous tubules enlarge ad become what? | primary spermatocytes |
| some males release up to ________ per ejaculation? | 1 billion sperm cells |
| Where does Oogenesis occur? | In the ovaries which are suspended in the abdominal cavity. |
| Where are the ovaries found and what are the two purposes of oogenesis? | Found in the abdominal cavity and two purposes are: 1) produce egg cells, 2) secrete hormones estrogen and progesterone |
| When does Oogenesis begin? | Before the female is born |
| What is polar body 1? | During cytokenesis one of the two cells formed during meiosis 1 gets less cytoplsm and eventually disinegrates. |
| Follicle | The secondary Oocyte are incased in this saclike structure |
| Ovulation | During puberty, the ovaries begin to release 1 secondary oocyte every 28 days. |
| of thousands of seconday oocytes that are formed: | only 13 are ovulated each year, less than 400 ovulated in a lifetime, the rest disinigrate by age 50. |
| Epididymis | A coiled tube that lies on the surface of the testes and carries sperm to the vas deferens |
| Vas Deferen | run into the abdominal cavity and joins the urethra just beyond the point where the urethra leaves the bladder. |
| Urethra | passes through the penis and empties to the outside |
| As sperm passes through the vas deferens and urethra what is added to form semen? | sperm and seminal fluid |
| What 3 glands is seminal fluid produced by? | 1)seminal vesicles, 2)prostate, 3) cowper's gland |
| What are the 4 functions of seminal fluid | 1) vehicle for transport of sperm 2)lubrication of passages, 3) cheical buffer against acids in female genital tract, 4) contains sugar which provide energy |
| Nondisjunction | Sometimes during meiosis the chroosomes do not seperate properly, gametes then end up with too many or few chromosomes |
| Downs syndrome | (mongoloidism) occurs when there is an extra chromosome 21. 47 total chromosome in zygote, low level of intelligence, thickened eyelids, faulty speech |
| Turner's syndrome | results when a person has only 1 x chromosome, 45 total chromosomes in zygote: one of the gametes is missing a sex chromosome. individual is female, sterile, short, webbed neck problems with math and spatial relationships |
| Klinefelter's syndrome | results when a person has an extra sex chromosome 2x's and a y, 47 total chromosomes: egg had two x chromosomes, individual is tall sterile man, often with lower mental capacity |
| Hormones | Chemicals(usually proteins or steroids) produced by one part of the body (usually a gland) that alters the activity of another part of the body called the target organ. |
| estrous cycle | the rythic changes in the female reproductive tract |
| follicular phase | notes |
| luteal phase | notes |
| flow phase | notes |
| contraception | prevention of fertilization |
| coitus interruptus | removal of penis from the vagina prior to ejaculation: sometimes not easy to do |
| spericidal foams and jellies | make fagina ore acidic, and kills sperm |
| pill | progesterone inhibits secretion of fsh and lh from the pituitary thus preventing follicular growth and ovulation |
| diaphragm | membranous shield placed over erect penis before intercourse, |
| sterilization | surgical, usually permanant, some recent success in reversing |
| vasectomy | cut and tie vans deferens; sperm remain in testes and are reabsorbed, ejaculation is normal but only contains eminal fluid, new studies indicate it may damage cirulatory syste |
| tubal ligation | cut and tie oviducts (fallopian tubes) |
| Abortion | termination of zygote, embryo or fetus, 3 methods 1)dilation and curettage (D and C, which is also used to detect cancer), 2) suction devices, 3) injection of saline solution into uterus |
| intrauterine device | plastic devices of various shapes that are placed in the uterus by physician;they don't know how they work, but somehow prevent implantation of zygote (probably scrape against the walls of uterus) no longer available in the US because of lawsuits against doctors |
| Rythym method | refrian from sex on those days of the month when the secondary oocyte may be present |
| Gonorrhea | Cause: bacteria, symptoms appear 3-14 days after sex, symptoms obvious only in male (discharge from penis and painful urination) treatment: penicillin but resistant strains more common |
| Syphilis | Primary stage: in about 3 weeks a hard painful sore develops on genitals dissapears after a short time, no more symptos for 2-4 months, secondary stage: skin rash and infection of organs may enter latent period which last through life, may enter Tertiary Stage: severe nervous and circulatory system damage and even death. Treatment: penicilin, some resistant strains |
| What were the std's that america was worried about and what is now? | Gonorreah and syphalis used to be, now herpes and AIDS epidemics are of more concern because neither can be cured. |
| Herpes | Over 20 million Americans have genital herpes, 1 in six sexually active people have genital herpes, cause by 2 viruses: Herpes simplex 1- cold sores and painful blisters on lips, Herpes simples virus 2- painful ulcers on genitals (genital herpes) symptoms: appears in 2-20 days. Virus stay in nerve cells while dormant type 1 can cause blindness, type 2 can cause meningitis more in notes |
| AIDS | notes 12/12 |
| The characteristics of organisms are controlled by? | Genes |
| Gene | A portion of DNA that codes for a given polypeptide chain- protein |
| Proteins | control the characteristics displayed ex. insect-human, blond-brunette |
| genetics | the study of how genes control these characteristics and how they are passed on form generation to generation (inheritance) |
| Who was the first person to systematically study patterns of inheritance and what did he do? | An austrian monk named Hohann Gregor Mendel, he conducted a series of experiences with ordinary garden peas. The laws he discovered where not accepted until 3 other researchers came up with the same conclusions. |
| What did Mendel believe and how was he wrong? | He thought of a gene as a "particle" that was passed on from parent to offspring, but today we know genes are composed of specific sequences of DNA nucleotides |
| alleles | Alternative forms of genes for the same characteristic. ex. red, blonde, brunette |
| what is the genotype | The particular combination of alleles (genes) present in a given organism |
| phenotype | the way that this combination of genes expresses itself |
| homozygous | when an organism has two identical alleles for a given character ex. attached-attached-----homozygous for attached earlobes |
| heterozygous | An organism that has different alleles for a given characteristic, attached-free |
| How do homozygous genes and heterozygous genes interact? | often one allele will mask the effect of the other allele for a given trait----dominant allele |
| Recessive allele | the allele that is masked and does not express itself. |
| Mendel's law of dominance | when an organism is heterozygous for a given trait, the allele that is expressed is said to be dominant: the allele that is over shadowed is said to be recessive |
| Mendel's law of segregation | when gametes are formed a diploid organism the alleles that control a given trait seperate from each other into different gametes and retain their individuality |
| Mendel's law of independent assortment | members of one gene pair seperate from each other independently of the members of other gene pairs |
| probability | the chance that an event will happen. probability= the number of events that can produce one outcome/ the total number of possible outcomes. examples in notes |
| monohybrid cross | A gentic cross in which a single characteristic is followed from one generation to the next. |
| dihybrid cross | a genetic cross in which a 2 pairs of alleles (2 characteristics) are followed from one generation to the next |
| lack of dominance | in some cases 2 unlike alleles both express themselves |
| multiple alleles | some characteristics are determined by 3 or more different alleles |
| polygenetic inheritance | some characteristics are deterined by several pairs of alleles on the same or different chromosomes |
| Pleiotropy | Occurs when a gene has more than 1 effect on the phenotype of an organism, occurs often, sometimes one effect is good other bad. |
| Linkage | Pairs of alleles on nonhomologous chroosomes seperate independently of each other. follows mendel's law of independent assortment |
| Gene populations | All the organisms of a given species found within a specific geographic region |
| species | a group of organisms that have the ability to breed and produce fertile offspring. (have the same number and kinds of choromosomes and genes). |
| Population genetics | The study of why differences in gene frequencies (how often a gene occurs in a population) |
| Populations gene pool | consists of all the genes of all the organisms in the population, as a result several factors such as geographic barriers or resource availability, the individuals within a population are usually found in clusters that breed with each other. |
| demes | clusters of genes |
| Gene Frequency | Usually stated mathematically in terms of how often a particular show up in the gametes of a population. It is possible for two demes to hav ehte same gene poool but different gene frequences. VERY IMPORTANT- gene frequencies have nothing to do with dominant or recessive genes. within a gene recessive is found more often then dominant. |
| No two individuals in a deme are exaclty alike, the members of a deme usually resemble each other more closely than members of other demes of the same species because? | 1) they are more closely related genetially--breed together more often than with members of other demes 2) exposed to more simular environmental influences---selection pressures. |
| Demes exist because of | geographical barriers (mountains, rivers) and environental differences (temp changes with altitude, latitude, light intensity.) |
| Small vs. Large gene pools | Small gene pools can result in lowered adaptability to environental changes--may lead to extinction, a large gene pool with a great variety of genes is more likely to contain genes that will allow some of the organisms to survive (DDT and Flies) |
| Variety is generated into a populations gene pool by and explain each? | 1) mutations 2) sexual reproduction 3) Migration 4) Size of population, explanations in notes 4/5 |
| Clones | Many plants can be reproduced asexually to form a number of individuals with exactly the same genotype |
| selective breeding is usually accomplished by | 1) finding wild demes that are homozygous for the desired trait 2) breed small groups to form organisms that are homozygous for desired traits *note it is hard to breed an individual that is homozygous for 2 good traits |
| monoculture | today many of our most important food crops are planted as a vast field of simular genotypes |
| The small gene pool within a monoculture results in | 1) the need for herbicides and pesticides to maintain the proper conditions for plant growth (cant breed hybrids resistant to everything) 2) a greater potential for a new disease to wipe out the entire population. |
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