5 Written Questions

1. They increase the postsynaptic stimulation of a cholinergic neuron, act like acetylcholine but have longer durations of action (these are direct cholinergic agonists), not broken down by acetylcholinasterase and thus have a much longer duration of effect, indirect cholinergic agonists do not bind to the acetylcholine receptors but instead cause the release of endogenous substances.
2. dyskinesias (movement disorders associated with the use of antipsychotics including repetitive/involuntary/purposeless body movements like tongue thrusts and eye blinking)
3. Can inhibit peristalsis, causing constipation
4. from the cranial and sacral areas of the spinal cord
5. act by binding to post-synaptic receptor sites and preventing binding of Ach to these receptors in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

5 Matching Questions

1. Describe distribution's role in drug-herb interactions and how protein binding affects drug-herb interactions
2. What are some drugs that are highly protein bound and thus more susceptible to drug-herb interactions?
3. Describe metabolism's role in drug herb interactions
4. Neurotransmitter for Sympathetic nervous system.
5. what is eaton-lambert syndrome?

1. a A drug or herb with the majority ofits active ingredients being highly protein bound are very susceptible to interactions
2. b Warfarin, phenytoin, oral contraceptive pills, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
3. c noradrenaline, why it is known as "Adrenergic nervous system"
4. d One of the biggest targets of interactions within this realm is the cytochrome P450 system, which can be inhibited or promoted by some substances
5. e a rare autoimmune disorder which inhibits voltage gated calcium channels on the presynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction, preventing acetalcholine from being released, so muscles do not contract. cholinergic agonists help to treat this syndrome.

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. inhibit parasympathetic functions. antispasmodic (relaxes GI tract and bladder), treats Parkinson's, extrapyramidal symptoms from other drugs, antitussive, lung and nasal congestion, overactive bladder and urinary incontinecne, motion sickness, as an antiemetic
   1. ADR's of antimuscarinic agents
   2. antimuscarinic agents
   3. describe cholinergic agonists
   4. reversible anticholinasterases
2. They are both subsets of the PNS. Somatic system covers all voluntary actions, i.e. input from the sense organs and output to skeletal muscles. Autonomic covers all involuntary actions, meaning input from internal receptors and output to smooth muscles and glands
   1. ADR's of antimuscarinic agents
   2. what are extrapyramidal symptoms?
   3. What's the difference between CNS and PNS?
   4. What's the difference between somatic and autonomic?
3. from the thoracic and lumbar areas of the spinal cord.
   1. What's the difference between CNS and PNS?
   2. Neurotransmitter for Sympathetic nervous system.
   3. In the sympathetic nervous system, where do neurons emerge from in the CNS?
   4. In The parasympathetic nervous system, where do neurons emerge from in the CNS?
4. CNS involves the brain and spinal cord, while PNS involves everything else but the brain and spinal cord... like sensory and motor neurons.
   1. ADR's of antimuscarinic agents
   2. what is eaton-lambert syndrome?
   3. What's the difference between somatic and autonomic?
   4. What's the difference between CNS and PNS?
5. They can inhibit gastric motility and can affect absorption of the drugs.
   1. what is eaton-lambert syndrome?
   2. How do anticholinergics affect gastric motility?
   3. What are some functions of cholinergic agonists?
   4. describe cholinergic agonists

5 True/False Questions

1. What are the three main concerns about absorption with regard to drug-herb interactions? → pH: usually it takes a very acidic environment in the gut for drugs to be absorbed, gastric motility (need a rather slow peristalsis to give enough time for drugs to be absorbed)

   True        False

2. reversible anticholinasterases → prevent cholinasterase from breaking acetalcholine down, so it stays in the cleft for longer and causes increased stimulation of the postsynaptic membrane receptors

   True        False

3. ADR's of antimuscarinic agents → blurry vision, confusion, drowsiness, mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupils), constipation, dry mouth, tachycardia, restlessness, headache, urinary retention

   True        False

4. Neurotransmitter for Parasympathetic nervous system. → noradrenaline, why it is known as "Adrenergic nervous system"

   True        False

5. How do herbs like E jiao and other gelatin based herbs affect the absorption of drugs → Can inhibit peristalsis, causing constipation

   True        False