1.
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS): - rare genetic defect that causes chromosomally normal males to be insensitive to the action of testosterone & other androgens
- individuals develop female external genitals that appear normal
- child is usually identified and reared as female
- problem is often discovered during puberty when child is taken to the dr. to see why menstruation has not started
-most individuals identify as female
2.
androgens: class of hormones that promote the development of male genitals and secondary sex characteristics and influence sexual motivation in both sexes. These hormones are produced by the adrenal glands in females and the testes by males.
3.
autosomes: the 22 pairs of human chromosomes that don't significantly influence sex differentiation
4.
cerebral cortex: outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres that is responsible for higher mental processes
5.
cerebral hemispheres: the 2 sides (R & L) of the cerebrum
6.
cerebrum: largest part of the brain, consisting of 2 cerebral hemispheres
7.
corpus callosum: broad band of nerve fibers that connects the R & L hemispheres
8.
DHT-deficient male: - chromosomally normal (XY) male who develops external genitalia resembling those of a female
- result of a genetic defect that prevents prenatal conversion of testosterone into DHT
- typically identified as female at birth & reared as girls, BUT their testes are still functional, so at puberty their secondary sex characteristics rapidly change from female to male
- majority of individuals make the switch from a female gender identity to a male gender identity in adolescence or early adulthood
9.
estrogens: class of hormones that produce female secondary sex characteristics and affect the menstrual cycle
10.
female sex chromosomes: XX
11.
fetally androgenized female: - rare disorder where a chromosomally normal female (XX) who, as a result of excessive exposure to androgens during prenatal sex differentiation, develops external genitalia resembling those of a male
- medical tests ID babies as females & they are treated with surgery/hormones to eliminate genital ambiguity, and reared as girls (they are fertile)
- some individuals do not associate themselves with a female gender identity and tend to be orientated toward traditionally male activities
12.
gender: The psychological and sociocultural characteristics associated with our biological sex.
13.
gender assumptions: assumptions about how people are likely to behave based on their maleness or femaleness
14.
gender identity: how one psychologically perceives oneself as either male or female
15.
gender role: collection of attitudes & behaviors that a specific culture consideres normal and appropriate for people of a particular sex
16.
gonads: the male and female sex glands
-male sex glands: testes
-female sex glands: ovaries
17.
hypothalamus: small structure in the central core of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and regulates motivated behavior and emotional expression.
18.
intersexed: term applied to people who possess biological attributes of both sexes
19.
Klinefelter's Syndrome: - occurs in 1 in every 1000 male births
- characterized by the presence of two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (XXY)
- individuals have undersized male genitals (anatomically male), and sterile; may have somewhat feminized physical features
- little to no sex drive
- individuals usually identify as male, however there is some degree of gender-identity confusion
20.
male sex chromosomes: XY
21.
ovaries: female gonads that produce ova and sex hormones
22.
ovum: the female reproductive cell
23.
progestational compounds: class of hormones, including progesterone, that are produced by the ovaries
24.
pseudohermaphrodites: Individuals whose gonads match their chromosomal sex but whose internal and external reproductive anatomy has a mixture of male and female structures or structures that are incompletely male or female.
(there are 5 types of pseudohermaphrodites)
25.
sex: biological maleness and femaleness
26.
sex chromosomes: single set of chromosomes that influence biological sex determination
27.
sperm: the male reproductive cell
28.
testes: male gonads inside the scrotum that produce sperm and sex hormones
29.
true hermaphrodites: - exceedingly rare individuals who have both ovarian and testicular tissue in their bodies.
- their external genitals are often a mixture of male and female structures
30.
Turner's Syndrome: -rare condition characterized by the presence of one unmatched X chromosome (XO)
-normal female external genitals but the internal reproductive structures do not develop fully
- individuals do not develop breasts, menstruate, & are sterile
- do not have gender identity problems (identify as female)
