Chapter 4 Organization and Regulation of Body Systems
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85 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Adhesion Junction | a junction composed of filaments that join cells to each other |
| Adipose Tissue | a kind of body tissue containing stored fat that serves as a source of energy |
| anaerobic | process that does not require oxygen |
| basement membrane | Layer between epithelium and underlying connective tissue |
| blood | the fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped by the heart |
| cardiac muscle | the muscle tissue of the heart |
| cardiovascular system | the organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body |
| cartilage | tough elastic tissue, found at the end of joints, the rib cage, ear, nose, throat |
| cellular respiration | the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic moelcules |
| collagen | a fibrous protein that gives the tissue strength and resilience, tendons, bones, cartilage |
| columnar epithelium | Single layer column shaped cells - lining stomach, small intestine - secrete and absorbs |
| compact bone | tightly solid, strong bone tissue resistant to bending |
| connective tissue | tissue that holds organs in place and binds different parts of the body together |
| contractile | This is unique to muscles, allows them to shorten to produce movement |
| cuboidal | CUBE SHAPED CELL IN EPITHELIAL TISSUE (DUCTS AND PASSAGEWAYS FOR KIDNEYS) |
| dermis | second layer of skin, holding blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, and hair follicles |
| diaphragm | muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and aids in respiration by moving up and down |
| digestive system | the body system that changes food into fuel for the body |
| elastic fibers | Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue |
| endocrine gland | any of the glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream |
| endocrine system | the system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity |
| epidermis | the outer layer of the skin covering the exterior body surface of vertebrates |
| epithelial tissue | made up of closely packed cells in one or more layers. Lines the internal and external body surfaces |
| exocrine | a gland that secretes externally through a duct |
| fibroblast | Connective tissue cell that produces fibers |
| fibrocartilage | type of cartilage with coarse, visible bundles of collagen |
| gap junction | a linkage of two adjacent cells consisting of a system of channels extending across a gap from one cell to the other, allowing the passage of ions and small molecules |
| gland | an organ of the body that secretes one or more hormones |
| hair follicle | a small tubular cavity containing the root of a hair |
| homeostasis | process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment |
| hyaline cartilage | Most common, found at end of long bones, trachea, tip of nose and on ribs |
| immune system | the cells, tissues, and organs that protect the body from disease. |
| integumentary | A covering; the skin, consisting or the dermis and epidermis |
| lacuna | small pit or hollow cavity, as in bone or cartilage, where a cell or cells are located |
| langerhans cell | Arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis, macrophagic cells for the immune response |
| ligament | strong connective tissue that holds bones together in movable joints |
| lymph | specialized fluid formed in the tissue spaces that returns excess fluid and protein molecules to the blood |
| lymphatic system | a network of veinlike vessels that returns to the fluid that leaks out of blood vessels to the bloodstream |
| matrix | a surrounding substance within which something else originates or is contained |
| melanocytes | cells that contain melanin - give skin color |
| meninges | three layers of connective tissue in which the brain and spinal cord are wrapped |
| mucous membrane | the layer of epithelial tissue that covers internal surfaces of the body and that secretes mucus |
| muscular system | the organ system whose primary function is movement and flexibility |
| contractile | allows shortening of muscle cells, which produces movement |
| negative feedback | A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change. |
| nerve | a bundle of nerve fibers. |
| nervous system | A system of sensitive cells that respond to stimuli such as sound, touch, and taste |
| nervous tissue | neurons and neuroglia |
| neuroglia | means "glue" in latin; protects neurons, provides nutrients, and cleans up the area (mommy cells) |
| neuron | a cell that carries information through the nervous system |
| oil gland | produces oil which helps keep skin waterproof |
| organ | group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions |
| organ system | group of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
| platelet | cell fragment released by bone marrow that helps in blood clotting |
| pleura | the thin serous membrane around the lungs and inner walls of the chest |
| positive feedback | mechanism of homeostasis feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output |
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium | a single layer of oddly shaped columnar cells however nuclei appear at different levels and some cells may not reach the epithelial surface thus causing the appearance of more than one layer of cells, found in the lining of respiratory passages (trachea), and segments of the male reproductive system. |
| red blood cell | blood cell containing hemoglobin, which transports oxygen; also called an erythrocyte |
| reproductive system | the system of organs involved in producing offspring |
| respiratory system | the system for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide |
| reticular | Sheet-like (web-like) network of cells. Associated with the linings of blood vessels in the bone marrow, liver, spleen and lymph nodes. |
| serous membrane | The lungs and the wall of the plural cavity are coated by this |
| skeletal muscle | a muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones |
| skeletal system | the hard structure (bones and cartilages) that provides a frame for the body of an animal |
| smooth muscle | Involuntary, non striated muscle that controls movement of internal organs |
| spongy bone | Ends of bone are made of these. Ends contain red marrow where red blood cells are made. |
| squamos epithelium | When the epithelial tissue consist of cells that are flattened lke fish scales |
| striated | skeletal muscle tissue that provides locomotion |
| subcutaneous layer | the fatty layer below the dermis used to save energy, absorb shock, and insulate |
| sweat gland | exocrine gland that secretes sweat |
| synovial membrane | the membrane that lines a synovial joint, it secretes a lubricating fluid called synovial fluid |
| tendon | a cord or band of inelastic tissue connecting a muscle with its bony attachment |
| tight junction | Cellular junction that binds neighboring cells firmly and makes them water tight |
| tissue fluid | Formed when water and dissolved substances diffuse from the blood and stream into intercellular spaces and their surrounding tissues |
| urinary system | consisting of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, removes wastes from the blood and helps to maintain water and electrolyte balance |
| vitamin d | What vitamin is responsible for calcium absorption? |
| white blood cell | A blood cell that functions in defending the body against infections and cancer cells; also called a leukocyte. |
| tissue | group of similar cells that perform a particular function |
| pyruvate | The three-carbon end product of glycolysis. |
| reticular fibers | fine network of connective tissue fibers that form the internal supporting framework of lymphoid organs |
| anaerobic | process that does not require oxygen |
| glycolysis | the anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP |
| metabolism | all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism |
| reactants | substances that react in a chemical change |
| cellular respiration | the breakdown of food molecules in the presence of oxygen, in order to release the chemical energy the molecules contain |
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