1.
60: an absolute retic count of about _____ x 10^3/microliter indicates a regenerative response in cats
2.
80: an absolute retic count of about ____ x 10^3/microliter indicates a regenerative response in dogs
3.
acute blood loss: may not be anemic in very early stages (1st 4 hrs); all blood components lost in similar proportions; anemia develops as RBC ar diluted by influx of interstitial fluids; hypovolemic shock if blood volume decreases to 60-70 % normal
4.
Addison's disease: many dogs with GC deficiency have a mild non-regenerative, normocytic anemia, masked by dehydration
5.
aggregate: to assess a bone marrow response ________ reticulocytes are counted
6.
Anaplasma: genus - (marginale) intracellular rickettsial dz of cattle worldwide (elk, deer, bison), (centrale) untreated cattle that survive may be come chronic carriers, (ovis) hemolytic anemia in sheep and goats
7.
anemia: dec RBC 'mass' and/or Hb
8.
anemia of chronic disease: decreased serum iron, normal to decreased TIBC, normal or increased serum ferritin, inc quantities of iron-containing pigment (hemosiderin) in the BM, may be microcytic and thus resemble iron def anemia; use iron values to differentiate
9.
anemia of chronic renal disease: inc blood loss into GIT (ulcers - uremic gastritis) may contribute to the anemia; PTH implicated as a uremic 'toxin' - inc osmotic fragility of erythrocytes; hyperphosphatemia possibly involved
10.
anemia of chronic renal disease: moderate to severe - non-regenerative, normocytic anemia; severity correlates with severity of disease (azotemia); dec EPO production, dec RBC survival; tx with recombinant canine EPO
11.
aplastic anemia: generally neutropenia (predisposes to sepsis) and thrombocytopenia (inc tendency to bleed); BM evaluation req'd for diagnosis
12.
aplastic anemia: caused by the following - antineoplastic and immunosuppressive drugs; cytotoxic agents - chloramphenicol, radiation, estrogens (dogs, ferrets), phenylbutazone (dogs, horses) griseofulvin (cats), phenobarbitol (dogs), chloramphenicol (dogs, cats)
13.
aplastic anemia: the following may cause - immune mediated, bracken fern in cattle, aflatoxins in horses, cattle and pigs; viruses (parvo, EIA, FELV), Ehrlichia canis
14.
apple stems: iron deficiency anemia - when blisters rupture they give rise to narrow projections referred to as ___________
15.
Babesia: genus - causes severe hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in various spp. canis and gibsoni - cause severe hemolytic anemia in dogs
16.
blasts: myeloproliferative disorders have _________ in circulation
17.
bone marrow: what would need to be examined in a non regenerative anemia?
18.
bone marrow response: pre regenerative, regenerative, non regenerative
19.
bovine post parturient hemoglobinuria: sporadic dz of high producing dairy cows, occurs within 4 weeks of calving; intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinemia, hemogloinuria; assoc with hypophosphatemia
20.
brassica redwater: dz - heinz body hemolytic anemia, may occur in cattle, sheep, goats grazing brassica crops, S-methylcysteine sulphoxide is toxic principle, similar to onion toxicity
21.
cbc: what should always be done when BM is examined?
22.
chronic blood loss anemia: persistent hemorrhage eventually causes iron depletion; becomes microcytic, hypochromic and non-regenerative
23.
chronic blood loss anemia: anemia develops slowly, hypovolema does not occur as animal has time to adapt; PCV may reach a low level before clinical signs of anemia develop; causes - internal and external parasites, GI ulcers or tumors, bleeding disorders (hemophilia, thrombocytopenia)
24.
chronic copper toxicity: preceded by chronic copper accumulation in hepatocytes; sudden release of Cu, often after stress -> acute intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria -death in 2-3 days, heniz bodies, elevated serum, liver, kidney [Cu]; most commonly encountered in sheep
25.
coombs test: false negatives result with steroid use, low concentrations of antibody or complement on RBC, flase positives with blood transfusions, not necessary if autoagglutination
26.
copper deficiency: dz - can induce an iron deficiency anemia; essential role in the enzyme ceruloplasmin - req'd for the transfer of iron through the gut epithelium into the blood, and for mobilization of iron from body stores
27.
ehrlichiosis: top ddx in a dog with anemia, thrombocytopenia and hyperglobulinemia
28.
estrogens: dogs - may cause BM destruction leaving a fatty marrow and aplastic pancytopenia; in first 3 weeks, CBC is characterized by thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis and mild progressive anemia; total WBC may be >100,000 /microliter; after 3 weeks pancytopenia may occur
29.
external hemorrhage: what does anemia and low PP generally indicate
30.
extravascular hemolysis: reflects accelerated RBC removal by macrophages due to: reduced deformability or altered shape (blood parasites), low ATP, immune complexes and/or complement on membrane surface
31.
extravascular hemolysis: Majority of hemoparasites cause anemia by immune mediated ___________________
32.
extravascular hemolysis: usually more chronic, no hemoglobinemia or hemoglobinuria, seldom accompanied by jaundice, animal may have splenomegaly (EMH), abnormal erythrocyte morphology, positive coombs test (if immune mediated)
33.
Feline cytauxzoonosis: dz - classified in same family as theileria; merozoites infect erythrocytes, schizonts infect tissues and fill macrophages within surrounding blood vessels, disease is usually fatal resulting in thrombosis; bobcats, panthers and cougars serve as natural asymptomatic reservoirs
34.
ferrets: spp - estrogens, protracted estrus causes aplastic pancytopenia, females remain in estrus for months if not bred, avoided by spaying
35.
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: causes hemolytic anemia, described in dog and american saddler colt (eccentrocytosis)
36.
glutathione deficiency: occurs in horses and causes hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia
37.
heinz bodies: drugs and chem assoc with _________: acetaminophen, propylene glycol, zinc, chronic copper toxicity, selenium deficiency, methylene blue, crude oil, naphthalene
38.
heinz bodies: form a complex on and inside RBC membranes, acts as a recognition site for auto-antibodies, RBC with attached antibody are phagocytized by macrophages
39.
heinz bodies: dz assoc with ________: DM, hyperthyroidism, lymphoma, ketoacidotic cats
40.
heinz bodies: oxidants that cause _________ also cause methemoglobinemia - characterized by brown coloration of blood and cyanosis
41.
heinz body: plants causing _______ formation: onions and garlic, brassica, wilted red maple leaves
42.
Heinz body anemia: oxyhemoglobin is converted to methemoglobin; superoxide reacts with peroxide and hydroxyl radicals from with formation of reversible and irreversible hemichromes; irreversible hemichromes cause continued hemoglobin denaturation
43.
hemangiosarcoma: common tumors in middle aged dogs esp GSD and retrievers; spleen, liver and right atrium; metastasis to lungs and other organs; acanthocytes, schistocytes
44.
hemolytic anemia: may be intravascular or extravascular; in dogs most cases are immune mediated; morphology may give clues to cause - spherocytes, parasites, heinz bodies, acanthocytes
45.
hemolytic anemia: RBC destruction not balanced by production; icterus and hemoglobinuria present; usually highly regenerative as iron from lysed RBCs is readily available for erythropoiesis
46.
Hereditary Erythropoietic Porphyrias: one siamese family had sever hemolytic anemia, photosensitivity, and renal dz; domestic cats - AD, no photosensitivity or anemia
47.
Hereditary Erythropoietic Porphyrias: AR in holsteins and shorthorns, pigmentation in tissues (teeth), strongly regenerative hemolytic anemia; AD in swine, discoloration of urine and teeth,no photosensitivity or anemia
48.
hereditary methemoglobinemia: occurs in various breeds of dogs and cats, does not cause problems other than increased anesthetic risk
49.
hereditary spherocytosis: seen in japanese black cattle, band 3 deficiency, homozygoes have mild anemia: spherocytosis, hyperbilirubinemia, splenomegaly, growth impairment
50.
hereditary stomatocytosis: reported in mini schnauzers (not anemic), chondrodysplastic alaskan malamutes, Drentse partrijshond; cuases are different in each breed
51.
horse: in which spp will you not see reticulocytes in circulation in a regenerative anemia
52.
hypophosphatemia: seen in cases of diabetic ketoacidotic cats receiving insulin therapy, can cause hemolysis
53.
hypothyroid: ____________ dogs almost always have a mild non-regenerative, normocytic anemia (responsds to thyroxine tx)
54.
IMHA: clinical features include: hemoglobinuria, icterus, splenomegaly +/- hepatomegaly
55.
IMHA: lab features include: marked regenerative response, spherocytosis, autoagglutination, neutrophilia, left shift and monocytosis, IMTP (evan's syndrome), positive coombs test
56.
IMHA: immune mediated RBC destruction, antibodies against host cells, increased erythropoeisis in response to hemolysis, hepato/splenomegaly, icterus, Hburia, intermittent pyrexia, lymphadenopathy; Dog > cat
57.
inappropriate: how would you classify the bone marrow reponse in a regenerative anemia where nRBC > retics?
58.
inappropriate bone marrow response: nRBC > retics; occurs with damage to marrow stroma, myelodysplasia, lead poisoning, response to chronic hypoxia associated with CHF
59.
inherited RBC membrane: ___________________ defects include: hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, stomatocytosis, membrane transport defects
60.
internal blood loss: better regenerative response than external blood loss; 2/3 of erythrocytes are recirculated within 24-72 hrs; remainder are lysed by iron and plasma preoteins not lost
61.
intravascular hemolysis: dz process, site - immune mechanisms (IgM), oxidative injury - toxins, plants (onions, brassicas, red maple leaves), insect venoms
62.
intravascular hemolysis: Babesia and Theileria cause ________________
63.
intravascular hemolysis: lab results and findings include: hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, increased MCHC (artifactual), hyperbilirubinemia, alter RBC morphology (spherocytes and schistocytes), positive coombs test (if immune mediated)
64.
intravascular hemolysis: causes include - RBC parasites/infectious agents, osmotic lysis, mechanical injury of RBC, inherited RBC defects, hypophosphatemia
65.
intravascular hemolysis, lipemia, heinz bodies: may see a falsely inc MCHC and Hb with _________________ (3)
66.
iron deficiency anemia: almost always due to chronic blood loss (esp GI tract); also occurs in suckling animals, esp piglets, reared in clean conditions with no access to soil, regenerative in early stages but my become non-regenerative with on-going blood loss
67.
iron deficiency anemia: typically microcytic and hypochromic; evidence of RBC fragility, shistocytes, blister cells, keratocytes - apple stem cells, thrombocytosis in 50% of cases
68.
iron deficiency anemia: most common anemia associated with nutritional deficiency, initially is usually regenerative; follows prolonged or intermittent blood loss (gut ulcers, fleas, parasites)
69.
L. copenhageni: _____________ infection in dogs is characterized by cholestatic liver disease and azotemia; icterus
70.
L. copenhageni: leptospirosis - ___________ infection in dogs doesn't cause hemolysis
71.
L. interrogans var pomona: leptospirosis of calves caused by ____________
72.
L. pomona: leptospirosis - dogs are high resistant to __________
73.
lead poisoning: dz - mild to no anemia with nucleated reds in circulation
74.
lead poisoning: usually only mildly anemic, poor regenerative response, mild polychromasia, innappropriate numbers of metarubricytes, basophilic stippling in metarubricytes - clumped ribosomes
75.
leptospirosis: hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria (redwater), calves less than 1 month most susceptible (not a cause of anemia in older cattle); lambs and weaner deer also affected
76.
macrocytosis: indicator of regeneration; seen in poodles and cats with FELV
77.
Mycoplasma haemocanis: hemoparasite - _______________ usually only a problem in splenectomized dogs
78.
myelodysplasia: dz - variably large erythroid precursor size, dysynchrony of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, abnormal lobulation of megakaryocytes
79.
myelodysplasia: dz - most common in cats with FeLV, marked macrocytosis, may progress to myeloproliferative dz (leukemia), rare in other spp, dogs may also show macrocytosis of platelets with abnormal megakaryocytes and neutrophils, very early precursors are not found in blood
80.
myelodysplasia: dz - cytopenias + combination of non-regenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, and/or neutropenia; variable cellularity of marrow, difficult to differentiate from myeloproliferative dz, myelofibrosis may also be present
81.
myelophthistic anemia: bone marrow is replaced by neoplastic cells or non hematopoietic tissue
82.
neonatal isoerythrolysis: blood from pregnant mares should be tested for presence of anti-RBc antibodies 2-3 weeks prior to foaling; serum from mares that have previously produced a hemolytic foal shold be tested against RBCs from the stallion before each subsequent mating/foaling
83.
neonatal isoerythrolysis: if the dam is sensitized then her colostrum should be withheld from the foal for the first 24-36 hrs of life; after that it can be fed safely as not enough antibodies will be absorbed into the circulation to cause hemolysis
84.
neonatal isoerythrolysis: most common in horses - incompatible RBC antigens inherited from stallion; antibodies concentrate in mare's colostrum; foal normal at birth but becomes anemic and icteric within 24-48 hours, occ occurs in other spp but seldom as a natural disease
85.
non regenerative anemia: type of anemia - BM unable to produce adequate number of erythrocytes, other cell lines may also be affected; reversible or irreversible stem cell injury - induced by drugs, chemicals, viruses, radiation, or immune mediated stem cell injury
86.
non regenerative anemia: type of anemia - bone marrow cannot produce enough erythrocytes to replace those lost; inhibition of bone marrow by - toxins, infections, neoplasms, defective maturation of erythrocytes, deficiency of erythropoietic stem cells
87.
normal: decribe erythrocyte morphology due to acute blood loss
88.
PFK deficiency: results in def of 2,3-DPG, results in tissue hypoxia, stims EPO production, dogs are not anemic unless in a hemolytic crisis, life expectancy can be normal if hemolytic crisis, detected by PCR specific for Eng springer spaniel mutation
89.
phosphate: Erythrocyte glycolysis is inhibited by low _________; leads to low RBC ATP and subsequent hemolysis
90.
phosphofructokinase deficiency: eng springer spaniels, cocker spaniel; inherited AR; aka glycogen storage dz VII; lack of lactate production, accumulation of sugar phosphates and glycogen in muscle, alkalemia triggers intermittent severe hemolysis - even mild respiratory alkalosis or panting
91.
PK deficiency: myelofibrosis and osteosclerosis occurs in dogs (not in cats); bone marrow transplants correct the disorder and prevent osteosclerosis; detected by PCR in basenjis and westies where mutation is specific
92.
PK deficiency: dogs have a markedly regenerative anemia; >50% reticulocytes (MCV increased); affected dogs die of myelofibrosis or hepatic failure by 3-5 years of age
93.
Porphyria: dz - Hb = protoporphyrin iron + globin; any enzyme deficiencies required for heme formation results in accumulation of porphyrin precursors and inadequate Hb synthesis; clinical signs vary depending on the specific enzyme abnormality; vet cases rare
94.
porphyrins: _________ are red brown in color; characteristic red fluorescence with UV light, stain tissues such as teeth and bones; congenital in cattle was called 'pink tooth'
95.
porphyrins: excess ________ are excreted in urine, feces, saliva, sweat and tears; photodermatitis occurs on light areas of skin due to the excitation of __________ by UV light and oxidation of lipids, proteins and organelles
96.
porphyrinuria: excretion of heme precursors in urine
97.
portocaval shunts: in Akitas and Shiba Inus may see microcytosis in _______________
98.
possible: increased MCHC (hyperchromasia)is not __________
99.
pre regenerative: type of anemia - too early for BM to respond, 2-4 days before immature cells released from BM into peri circulation, peak response at approx 7 days afer blood loss or hemolysis
100.
primary: type of IMHA - unk etiology, usually middle aged females, genetic
101.
protein deficiency anemia: anemia in chronically starved or parasitized animals
102.
pure red cell aplasia: reversible or irreversible; dogs (usually immune mediated), cats (viral dz - FELV); selective depletion of erythroid precursors, severe non-regenerative anemia, WBC and platelet counts nomral; some dogs positive to IgG inhibitor directed against precursors of erythroid colony forming units; tx with human recombinant EPO
103.
pyruvate kinase deficiency: breeds prone: basenjis, westies, beagles, cairn terriers, min poodles, others; Abyssinian, Somali, DSH cats
104.
red cell hypoplasia anemia of chronic disease: mild to moderate non-regnerative anemia; assoc with inflammation, infection, trauma, or neoplasia; reduced RBC survival time, sequestration of iron in body storage sites, EPO thought to play a role due to suppression of inflammatory cytokines
105.
regenerative anemia: normal accelerated erythropoiesis; peri blood shows - inc reticulocytes, macrocytosis, anisocytosis, polychromasia, basophilic stippling (ruminants), +/- nRBC (metarubricytes)
106.
reticulocytes: even if an anemia is regenerative, in the first 72 hours ___________ will not be seen in circulation
107.
secondary: type of IMHA - may be co-incidental to concurrent disorder: SLE, IMTP, tumors, infectious agents, drugs (penicillin)
108.
Theileria: genus - cuases East coast fever in cattle, haemolytic anemia; organisms are small ring or comma shaped and first infect lymphocytes; sporozoites form schizonts that form merozoites that infect RBC
109.
vitamin B6 deficiency: dz - inhibits the production of the protoporphyrin component of hemoglobin, leads to the accumulation of iron within mitochondria, especially in erythrocyte precursors
110.
Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies: dz, def - impaired nucleic acid synthesis; non regenerative normocytic anemia; hereditary absorbance problem of the gut reported in a border collie, beagle, giant schnauzers and cats
111.
water intoxication induced hemolysis: seen in calves that have unlimited availability to water after having been deprived of water; develop hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, pulmonary and brain edema, convulsions, coma and death within 2 hours; hemolysis by decreased osmolality of plasma; calves 4-5 months of age - RBCs appear to be osmotically fragile at this age
