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etruscans settled north of Rome and made it a city Latium Area of italy in which Rome is located Tiber River River that flows through Rome 753 B.C. Romulus and Remus founded Rome in this year Romulus and Remus founders of Rome Hortensian Law Law passed in ancient Rome which made all resolutions passed by plebians binding on all citizens imperium absolute power (usually given to consuls) consuls highest elected office of the Roman Republic and heads of the government paterfamilias the head of a Roman family Roman Senate political institution in Roman Republic (SPQR) patricians the wealthy class in Roman society; landowners plebians Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders Struggle of the Orders a great social conflict that developed between patricians and plebeians; the plebeians wanted real political representation and safeguards against patrician domination. Twelve Tables Rome's first code of laws; adopted in 450 B.C. Cincinnatus Reluctant Roman dictator who returned to his farm after completing his duty for the government. Roman Confederation Romans gave full citizenship to some conquered people Pyrrhus Son of Achilles, and the killer of Priam Pyrrhic victory costly victory Carthage City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107) Carthaginians Hannibal was the leader of the________ Hannibal general who commanded the Carthaginian army in the second Punic War Scipio Africanus Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC) Battle of Zama the battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War 1st Punic War Battle for Sicily; takes place on sea; Rome wins and Carthage has to pay tribute to them; Carthagians move to Spain 2nd Punic War hannibal and men traveled over alps on way to invade italy, brought war elephants, carthaginians defeated romans 3rd Punic War Rome destroys Carthage Cato the Elder He was the Roman statesman who hated Carthage and started the Third Punic War, ended all speeches with "Carthage must be destroyed" latifundia Huge estates owned by wealthy families equites Class of business people and landowners in ancient Rome who had wealth and power nobiles Small group of rich and powerful families of both patrician and plebeian class who controlled the highest offices in Rome Pontifex maximus the high priest of Rome, the head of Roman state religion; he appointed and oversaw the vestal virgins. roman schooling classical education Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus tribunes who attempted to introduce land and citizenship reform under the late Roman republic; both were killed by order of the Senate. Sulla Rival of Marius, He marches on rome and takes control of the senate, he kills all who oppose him. Tries to reestablish senate as roman body of control. Is friends with pompey Cicero a Roman statesman and orator remembered for his mastery of Latin prose (106-43 BC) Crassus richest man in rome, and was part of the first Triumverate Spartacus a gladiator who lead a slave revolt Julius Caesar Roman general and dictator. He was murdered by a group of senators and his former friend Brutus who hoped to restore the normal running of the republic Battle of Pharsalus battle in which Caesar defeated Pompey in 48 BC First Triumvirate Pompey, Caesar, Crassus The Rubicon river which separated Caesar's territory from Pompey's Mark Antony Caesar's right-hand man, teamed with Octavian to punish Caesar's murders, fell in love with Cleopatra, went into civil war, at Battle of Actium, he and Cleopatra fled and committed suicide Cleopatra She was an egyptian queen who had an affair with Marc Antony. She commits suicie with Marc Antony because Marc was defeated at Actium and Augustus was after them. Octavian Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC Second Triumvirate Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus Battle of Actium battle between Marcus Antony and Octavian for control of the empire. Octavian won in 31 B.C. The Commentaries Caesar wrote about himself in what? Julian Calendar the solar calendar introduced in Rome in 46 b.c. by Julius Caesar and slightly modified by Augustus, establishing the 12-month year of 365 days with each 4th year having 366 days and the months having 31 or 30 days except for February princeps the first among equal Augustus First emperor of the Roman Empire. Julius Caesar's grand-nephew. imperial cult New Religion of rome Virgil Classical Roman poet, author of Aenied Livy Roman historian whose history of Rome filled 142 volumes (of which only 35 survive) including the earliest history of the war with Hannibal (59 BC to AD 17) Caligula Roman Emperor who succeeded Tiberius and whose uncontrolled passions resulted in manifest insanity. Became ill and resumed treason trials for money. His horse was a senator. Nero Roman Emperor notorious for his monstrous vice and fantastic luxury (was said to have started a fire that destroyed much of Rome in 64) but the Empire remained prosperous during his rule (37-68) Flavians dynasty of the Roman emperors Vespasian, Titus, and Dominitian, whose rule was a time of relative peace and good government "Good Emperors" this group of emperors included Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Last of the "Good Emperors", Wrote "Meditations" personal reflections of his beliefs, End of the Pax Romana Meditations A historical literary work by Stoic emperor Marcus Aurelius. Pax Romana A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180. Silk Road an ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean (4,000 miles) Tacitus Senator and historian of the Roman Empire, wrote the Annals and the Histories. aqueducts Bridge-like stone structures that carry water from the hills into Roman cities "Bread and Circuses" public entertainment that roman elites used to keep the plebeians happy and distracted from problems in the empire gladiatorial games Roman games in which gladiators faught Vesuvius volcanic mountain that covered Pompeii and Herculaneum, winds blowing towards coast so covered towns, erupted in AD 79 Goths Germanic tribe made up of the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths who threatened invasion to the empire Franks group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis Essenes sect of Jews of Judea who were uncompromising in their piety and their disgust with what they considered a corrupted priesthood; library is known as the Dead Sea Scrolls Dead Sea Scrolls scrolls that teach us about the Essenes Zealots Jews that rose up in armed rebellion against Rome in 66ce; unsuccessful, and Jewish Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed Paul of Tarsus A jew who had Roman citizenship and tried to stamp out Christianity until he had a vision on the road to Damascus. Diocletian Roman Emperor (284-305); the last systematic persecution of Christians took place towards the end of Diocletian's reign Edict of Milan issued by Constantine in 313, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire Theodosius The Roman emperor who made Christianity the official religion of Rome Huns Warlike people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome Visogoths first invading group to sack Rome Ostrogoths East Goths, driven westward by the Huns, a Germanic tribe that attacked Rome in 476 AD. The Leader was Odoacar, who kicked out the last Roman Emperor. Romulus Augustulus the last emperor in the western Roman Empire; overthrown in 476 Theodoric King of Ostrogoths, opposed odacer, raised imperial court and made goths and romans live together, moved capital to Ravenna Vandals one of a group of Germanic tribes who invaded and destroyed territory in the Roman Empire Odoacer Germanic barbarian leader who ended the western Roman Empire in 476 and became the first barbarian ruler of Italy (434-493) Franks group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis Clovis King of Franks; conquered Gaul; earned support of Gaul and Church of Rome by converting; Ruled lands in Frankish custom but kept Roman legacy Charles Martel the Frankish commander for the battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslimsin the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages. He in a way started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him. compurgation an ancient form of trial in which an accused person cold call 11 people to swear to their belief in his innocence ordeal a primitive method of determining a person's guilt or innocence by subjecting the accused person to dangerous or painful tests believed to be under divine control heresy a belief that rejects the orthodox tenets of a religion diocese A church district controlled by a bishop Council of Nicaea Christian council that met in 325 to determine the question of the trinity; decided on the divinity of all three persons. Arianism early teaching of the church that was heretical by saying that Jesus was not God but created by God Petrine supremacy idea that Christ's authority went to Popes starting with St. Peter. Acknowledged by the "Donation of Constantine", though ended up being a forgery. Vicar of Christ the head of the Roman Catholic Church Gregory I "Gregory the Great"; broadened the authority of the papacy, or pope's office, beyond spiritual role; papacy became secular power involved in politics St. Anthony creator of hermit monasticism St. Augustine early christian leader who writes the book City of God that instructs how Christians are to be St. Benedict he founded a monastery in nothern ital in the 6th century and wrote a set of instructions gonverning the lives of monks that was used by monasteries and vonbents across europe. abbots leaders of a monastery St. Hilda founded the monastery of whitby in 657; nun; england; made learning important part of monastery abbesses head of a convent monasticism a way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith St. Patrick converts Celtic Island to Christianity, which spread to the Herbrides islands Neoplatonism a system of philosophical and religious doctrines composed of elements of Platonism and Aristotelianism and oriental mysticism St. Boniface undertook the conversion of Pagan germans in frisia, bavaria, and saxsony. By 740 the apostle of the germans had become the most famous churchmen in Europe. was killed trying to convert the pagan frisian. St. Jerome Converted bible into latin, called the Vulgate Cassiodorus established a place where he put monks to work translating works from Greek to Latin trivium Latin for "three ways" this was one of two sections into which the arts were divided in Medieval universities. It referred to the three primary branches of Medieval education: grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic. quadrivium Latin for "four ways" More advanced program in the Medieval liberal arts program, it included the study of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music Justinian Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code Theodora the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt. Corpus Juris Civilis the body of civil law in the Byzantine Empire created by Justinian's jurists; composed of the Code, Digest, and Institutes Hagia Sophia Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. in Constantinople Hippodrome Built by Justinian; A huge stadium; Held athletic events and games; Seated 60,000 people iconoclastic attacking or seeking to overthrow popular or traditional beliefs, ideas, or institutions Muhammed The prophet and founder of Islam Bedouins Arab nomads Qur'an the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina Allah Muslim name for the one and only God Five Pillars of Islam the basic duties of Islam, including belief in Allah and Muhammad the prophet, prayer, charity or almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage to Mecca Hegira the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 which marked the beginning of the Muslim era Shari'a the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed Jihad a holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal Caliph the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth Shi'ites Muslims that believe that only direct descendants of Muhammad should become caliph. Fundamentalist Sunnites Largest Muslim sect which acknowledges all of Muhammad's successors. Battle of Tours Arabs were defeated by Charles Martel, and Muslim advancement was stopped Pepin became "Mayor Of the Palace." Was the first frankish king to be annioted by the pope. He help the pope became the political ruler of most of the Italian Peninsula. Donated papal states to the Pope. Charlemagne King of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, great patron of literature and learning. Carolingian Renaissance, conquered Saxonx. Holy Roman Emperor. Basque disaster As Charlemagne army tried to cross the pyranees the bascques anialated his rear guard. "Song of Roland" Einhard was a Frankish courtier, a dedicated servant of Charlemagne, of whom he wrote his famous biography Margraves Charlemagne's men who ruled the districts, collect taxes, raise troops for the army, and serve as Charlemagne's representatives in local courts. Governed the marches. Missi dominici Royal officials under Charlemagne who traveled around the country to enforce the king's laws Christmas Day 800 day charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor scriportia writing rooms for copying of manuscripts in medieval monastaries clerical celibaby complete absence from sexual activity Carolingian Renaissance Charlemagne's efforts led to the revival of learning and culture, rebirth. Led by alcuin of York Alcuin of York A respected scholar who hired other scholars (usually monks) to teach at Charlemagne's schools. He also established a curriculum. Charlemagne's favorite scholar Louis the Pious Charlemagne's only surviving son (814-840) his sons divided empire into 3 brining end to Carolingian empire Treaty of Verdun 843 Treaty that ended power struggle of Charlemagne's 3 sons after his death and split Franks into 3 kingdoms Magyars Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary Battle of Lechfeld Ended the Magyar Threat; by Otto the great; 955; Otto decisively defeated an invasion by the Magyars. Vikings 9th century invasions Franks, Ireland, North Russia. Vladimir converts Danelaw Northeastern region of England ruled by the Vikings feudalism a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service lords gives protection in exchange for land vassal a person holding a fief stirrup support consisting of metal loops into which rider's feet go knights vassal to lords; deligation is directly to noble vassalage system where a man would pledge loyalty to a lord and carry out his commands, collect taxes, and get troops toether; vassals looked to lords to give them land in return for their service; pledging ceremony took place between lord and vassal; vassals could pledge to multiple lords fief Land owned by a lord given to a vassal in return for a service dux leader Otto I king of Germany; like charlemagne; succesors were called Holy Roman Empire Hugh Capet elected king by nobles in 987 AD and established the Capetian Dynasty Alfred the Great stopped Vikings and unified Anglo-Saxon kingdom to put up a united front against the Vikings; only English king with the title "Great". Wessex manorialism An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production. serfs men of women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection in feudalism Slavs Ancient cultures from around 500 AD that came to Northern Russia. Many lived in Novgorod and Kiev Orthodox Christianity split from Catholic Church because they did not believe in Pope as supreme ruler of Church. Byzantine Cyril Byzantine missionary that was sent to Russia to spread Orthodoxy; created Slavic Cyrillic script Methodius Christian missionaries, brother of Cyril, created alphabet for Slavs (Cyrillic) Rurik Rus military leader and legendary first king of the Russians Rus the medieval Russian state established by Scandanavian traders in the 9th century. Named after Rurik their leader and the color of their hair. Kiev Original capital city of Russia Vladimir Russian ruler who chose Byzantine Christianity as the official religion of the Russian state algebra developed by Muslims astrolabe an instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets gentes families grouped into social units, also known as "clans", descended from same ancestor and bearing same family name, closely associated with pracitce of clientage Varus leader of Octavian's legions who got killed in Teutoberg Forest Julio Claudians The 5 emperors that followed the dictatorship of Julius Caesar are known as the _______________ Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero Hadrian's Pantheon Built by Hadrian, a temple for all the gods Seneca Stoic philosopher who was Nero's tutor Role of women Did have some rights, legal and property rights; different than in Greece Sadduccees Accepted Hellenistic culture and compromised with Romans Pharisees Believed in life after death; Mishnah-interpretations Talmud-instructions Venerable Bede wrote a history of England; one of the best historical works of the early middle ages. Was a Christian Anglo-Saxon