| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Parts of the Ilium | ASIS, AIIS, Iliac Crest, PSIS, 3 Gluteal Lines |
| Parts of Pubis | Pubic Symphysis, Pubic Trest, Pubic tubercle, Pectin Pubis, Obturator Crest, Obturator Foramen, Obturator membrane, Rami |
| Parts of the Ischium | Ischial tuberosity, Ischial Spine |
| Ligaments of the Pelvis | Sacroiliac Ligament, Sacrospinous Ligament, Sacrotuberous Ligament |
| Femur Landmarks | Head, neck, shaft, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, trochanteric fossa, pectineal line |
| Anterior Femur | Intertrochanteric line |
| Posterior Femur | Intertrochanteric Crest, Gluteal Tuberosity, Spiral Line, Linea Aspera |
| Tibia | Medial Lateral Condyles |
| Fibula Landmarks | Head |
| Patella | Sesamoid Bone |
| Iliopsoas | Psoas Major and Iliacus |
| PA of Psoas Major | Sides of T12-L5 vertebrae and discs, Transverse processes of all Lumbar |
| DA of Psoas Major | Lesser Trachanter of Femur |
| Innervation of Psoas Major | Ventral Rami of Lumbar, L1, L2, L3 |
| PA of Iliacus | Iliac Crest, Iliac Fossa, Ala of Sacrum, and anterior sacroiliac ligament |
| DA of Iliacus | Tendon of Psoas Major |
| Innervation of Iliacus | Femoral L2, L3 |
| Actions of Iliacus, and Psoas Major | Primary Hip Flexor, Stabilizes hip joint, External Rotation of Femur |
| PA of Psoas Minor | sides of T12-L1 vertebrae and discs |
| DA of Psoas Minor | Pectineal line, iliopuctineal eminence via iliopectineal arch, does not cross the hip joint |
| Action of Psoas Minor | Assists psoas major in flexing the pelvis and lumbar region of vertebral column |
| Lordosis | Tight Iliopsoas, vertebrae is being pulled anterior and inferior |
| Pa of Tensor Fascia Latae | ASIS & anterior part of external lip of iliac crest |
| DA of Tensor Fascia Latae | Lateral condyle of tibia via IT tract |
| Innervation of Tensor Fascia Latae | Superior Gluteal nerve |
| Action of Tensor Fascia Latae | Abduction, internal rotation, flexion of thigh, help keep knee extended, steadies trunk on thigh |
| PA of Sartorius | ASIS to superior part of notch just inferior |
| DA of Sartorius | Superior part of medial tibia (pes anserine) |
| Innervation of Sartorius | Femoral Nerve |
| Action of Sartorius | Sit indian style |
| Pes Anserine | Place of attachment on medial tibia for sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus |
| PA of Vastus Lateralis | Greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera of femur |
| PA of Vastus Intermedialis | Anterior and lateral surfaces of body of femur |
| PA of Vastus Medialis | Intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera |
| Action of VMO | vastus medialis oblique, pulls medial instead of superior |
| PA of Rectus Femorus | AIIS, and Ilium superior to acatabulum |
| DA of 4 Quads | Base of Patella and tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligametn |
| Innervation of Quads | Femoral Nerve |
| Action of Quads | Extend leg at knee |
| PA of Pectineus | Pectin Pubis, superior ramus of pubis |
| DA of Pectineus | Pectineal line of femur |
| Innervation of Pectineus | Femoral Nerve |
| Action of Pectineus | Adducts and flexes thigh |
| PA of Adductor Longus | Body of pubis inferior to pubic crest |
| DA of Adductor Longus | Middle third of linea aspera |
| Innervation of Adductor Longus | Obturator Nerve |
| Action of Adductor Longus | Adducts Thigh |
| PA of adductor Brevis | Body and inferior raus of pubis |
| DA of Adductor Brevis | Pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera |
| Innervation of Adductor Brevis | Obturator Nerve |
| Action of Adductor Brevis | Adduct and flexes a wee bit |
| PA of Gracilis | Body and inferior ramus of pubis |
| DA of Gracilis | Pes Anserine |
| Innervation of Gracilis | Obturator |
| Action of Gracilis | Adducts thigh, helps flex and internally rotate leg at knee joint |
| PA of Adductor Magnus(Hamstring Portion) | Ischial Tuberositty |
| DA of Adductor Magnus(Hamstring Portion) | Adductor Tubercle |
| Innervation of Adductor Magnus(Hamstring Portion) | Tibial portion oif sciatic |
| Action of Adductor Magnus(Hamstring Portion) | Extend thigh |
| PA of Adductor Magnus(Adductor Portion) | Inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium |
| DA of Adductor Magnus(Adductor Portion) | Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line |
| Innervation of Adductor Magnus(Adductor Portion) | Obturator Nerve |
| Action of Adductor Magnus(Adductor Portion) | Adduct and flex thigh |
| Superficial layer going from lateral to medial | Pectineus, Adductor longus, gracilis |
| Intermediate Layer | Adductor Brevis |
| Deepest Layer | Adductor Magnus is the largest and the deepest |
| PA of Obturator Externus | Margin of obturator foramen and obturator membrane |
| DA of Obturator Externus | Trochaneric fossa of femur |
| Innervation of Obturator Externus | Obturator Nerve |
| Action of Obturator Externus | Laterally rotates thigh and steadies head in acetabulum |
| Femoral Triangle | Inguinal Ligament, Adductor Longus, Sartorius, |
| Adductor Canal(Subsartorial Canal) | Narrow tunnel made of fascia and provides a intermuscular passage for femoral vessells to pass from anterior to posterior |
| Borders of Adductor Canal | Vastus Medialis, Sartorius, Adductor longus, and magnus |
| Sacroiliac Ligaments | Sacrotuberous Ligament, Sacrospinous Ligament, Iliolumbar Ligament |
| Foramen | Greater Sciatic Foramen, Lesser Sciatic Foramen, Obturator Foramen(obturator membrane) |
| Troachanteric Bursa | Seperates gluteus maximus from greater trochanter |
| Gluteofemoral Bursa | Seperates the iliotibial tract from superior part of proximal attachment of vastus lateralis |
| Ischial Bursa | Seperates inferior part of gluteus maximus from ishial tuberosity; often absent |
| PA if Gluteus Maximus | Ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line, dorsal surfce of sacrum and coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament |
| DA of Gluteus Maximus | Most fibers end in iliotibial tract that inserts into lateral tibial condyle; some fibers insert on gluteal tuberosity |
| Action of Gluteus Maximus | Extends Thigh, lateral rotation, walking |
| Gluteus Maximus Gait | Weak proximal pelvic girdle muscles are compensated by hip hyperextension to keep the ground reaction vector behind the hip to passively stabilize it |
| Gluteus Medius and Minimus | Fan shaped, Share the same fiber direction, action, and nerve supply |
| PA of Gluteus Medius Attachments | External Surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines |
| DA of Gluteus Medius | Lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur |
| PA of Gluteus Minimus | External surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines |
| DA of Gluteus Minimus | Anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur |
| Actions of Gluteus Medius and Minimus | Powerfule Abductor, medially rotates thigh, keeps pelvis level when opposite leg is raised |
| Deeper Gluteal Muscles | Piriformis, Triceps Coxae (Superior Gemellus, Obturator Internus, Inferior Gemellus) Quadratus femoris, obturator externus |
| Actions of Piriformis | Laterally rotates extended thigh, abducts flexed thigh, steadies femoral head in acetabulum |
| Triceps Coxae | located between the piriformis and quadratus femoris muscle |
| PA of Obturator Internus | Pelvic surface of obturator membrane & surrounding bones |
| DA of Obturator Internus | Medial Surface of greater trochanter |
| Innervation of Obturator Internus | Nerve to obturator internus |
| PA of Superior Gemellus | Ischial Spine |
| DA of Superior Gemellus | Medial Surface of greater trochanter |
| Innervation of Superior Gemellus | Nerve to Obturator internus |
| PA of Inferior Gemellus | Ischial Tuberosity |
| DA of Inferior Gemellus | Medial Surface of greater trochanter |
| Innervation of Inferior Gemellus | Nerve to Quadratus Femoris |
| Action of Triceps Coxae | Laterally rotates the extended thigh, abducts the flexed thigh, steady the femoral head in the acetabulum |
| Quadratus Femoris | Short flat rectangular, inferior to obturator internus and gemelli, laterally rotates thigh, steadies femoral head in acetabulum |
| PA of Piriformis | Anterior surface of sacrum & Sacrotuberous ligament |
| DA of Piriformis | Superior border of greater trochanter of femur |
| Innervation of Piriformis | Branches of Ventral rami S1 & S2 |
| PA of Quadratus Femoris | Lateral border of ischial tuberosity |
| DA of Quadratus Femoris | Quadrate tubercle on intertrchanteric crest & inferior to it |
| Innervation of Quadratus Femoris | Nerve to Quadratus femoris |
| PA obturator Externus | Obturator foramen & membrane |
| DA of Obturator externus | Trochanteric fossa of femur |
| Innervation of Obturator Externus | Obturator Nerve |
| Deep Gluteal Nerves | Sciatic, Superior Gluteal, Inferior Gluteal, Inferior Gluteal, Nerve to Quadratus femoris, nerve to obturator internus |
| 2 branches of Sciate Nerve | Tibial nerve, common fibular nerve |
| Hamstrings | Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris(long head only) |
| position of Hamstrings | arise from ischial tuberosity, deep to gluteus maximus, cross both hip and knee joints |
| Action of Hamstrings | Extend Hip, flex knee |
| Innervation of Hamstrings | Tibial Nerve |
| Biceps Femoris | Inserts laterally, flex knee, rotate it laterally when knee is flexed, long head extends the hip |
| Pes Anserinus | Collective insertion for sartorius, gracilis annd semitendinosus on medial tibial condyle (Say Grace before Tea |
| Innervation of Biceps Femoris Short Head | Common Fibular |
| PA of Semitendinosus,Semimembranosis | Ischial Tuberosity |
| DA of semitendinosus | Med surface of superior tibia |
| Innervation of Semitendinosus and semimembranosus | Tibial Nerve |
| DA of Semimembranosus | Post part of medial tibial condyle |
| PA of Biceps Femoris Long head | Ischial tuberosity |
| PA of Biceps Femoris Short Head | Linea Asperam, and Lateral supracondylar line |
| DA of Biceps Femoris | Lateral side of fibular head |
| Innervation Biceps femoris long head | Tibial Nerve |
| Innervation of Biceps femoris short head | Common fibular nerve |
| Function of Hip Joint | Transmits weight from body to lower extremities |
| Blood Supply to femoral head | Profunda Femoris(deep femoral artery)(branch of obturator artery) |
| Nerve Supply to hip joint | femoral, obturator, superior gluteal nerves and nerve to quadratus femoris |
| Ligamentum Teres | Ligament to head of femur, fat pad in acetabulum, partial vacuum |
| Anterior View: ligaments of hip joint | Iliofemoral Ligament(Y), Pubofemoral Ligament |
| Posterior Veiw: Ligaments of hip Joint | Ischiofemoral Ligament |
| Movements of Hip joint | Flexion/Extension, Abduction/Adduction, Medial/Lateral rotation, circumduction |
| Piriformis Syndrome | common fiibular nerve pierces the piriformis which predispose it to entrapment, Px in buttocks |
| Angle of Inclination | Normal angle varie with age, sex, and development (average 125 degrees) |
| Coxa Valga | Increased angle causes longer leg (away from center) |
| Coxa Vara | Decreased angle causes shorter leg (toward center) |
| Angle of Torsion | in transverse plane, Normal (15 degrees in adult) |
| Anteversion | Greater than 15 degrees toe in when hip aligned |
| Retroversion | Less than 15 degrees toe out when hip aligned |
| Windblown Hips | Ligamentus Laxity, breech presentation at birth, acetabular dysplasia, subluxation, dislocation |
| Complications of Hip Fractures | Infection, Avascular necrosis of the femoral head, nonunion/fusion, degenerative joint disease of hip, chronic pain |
| Patella | Largest sesamoid bone |
| Knee Extension | Quadriceps |
| Patellofemoral Joint | Modified plane joint with the lateral articular surface being wider than the medial |
| Oblique Popliteal Ligament | Expansion of the tendon of the semimembranosis |
| Arcuate popliteal ligament | Arises from the posterior aspect of the fibular head and passes superiormedially |
| Extrascapular structures | Patellar Ligament, Medial Collateral Ligament, Lateral Collateral Ligament, Oblique popliteal ligament, arcuate popliteal ligament |
| Patellar Ligament | Distal part of the quadriceps tendon, strong thick fibrous band passing from the apex and adjoining margins of the patella to the tibial tuberosity |
| Medial Collateral Ligament | crossed by the tendons of the Sartorius, Gracilis, and semitendinosus, lies more posteriorly than anteriorly on the medial aspect of the knee has 2 layers |
| Lateral Collateral Ligament | Extends from lateral condyle of the femur to the fibular head, prevention of varus |
| Intra-Articular Ligament | Anterior Cruciate Ligament, Posterior Cruciate Ligament |
| Secondary Ligamentous Structures | Coronary, Transverse, Ligament of Wrisberg |
| Cruciate | To cross, Primary rotary stabilizers of the knee, attached to the tivia, lie intrcapsular space extrasynovial |
| Coronary Ligaments | Capsular fibers that attach the margins of the menisci to the tibial condyles |
| Transverse Ligaments | Joins the anterior portions of the menisci |
| Menisci | fills the space between the femur and tibia, two oval fibrocartilages thicker on the periphery, |
| Medial Meniscus | C shaped and firmly attaches to the tibia and medial collateral ligament |
| Lateral Meniscus | O shaped and moves freely attaches loosely to the lateral articular capsule and to the popliteal tendon |
| Ligament of Wrisberg | Posterior meniscofemoral ligament, part of lateral menisci located close to PCL |
| Bursea | Water-filled sacs which provide a cushioning and a lubricating effect for soft tissues over bone, 18 seperate bursea in and around the knee |
| Boundaries of the Popliteal Fossa | Superolaterally, superomedially, inferolaterally, inferomedially |
| Popliteal Fossa | Popliteal artery, vein, tibial nerve, common peroneal nerve |
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