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How much of the population are Pashtun? 42% how much of the population are Hazara? 9% how much of the population are Tajik? 27% Who are the Kuchi? nomadic Pashtuns What code do the Pashtuns follow? Pashtunwali What does Pashtunwali emphasize? (5) values of honor, mutual support, solidarity, shame, and redemption What is the hazara-kuchi conflict based on? land, but has roots in ethnic disputes between Hazaras and Pashtuns What actions did political leaders take? use conflict to exploit the support of one group over the other to gain leadership positions What is Jirga? a decision-making assembly What was the purpose of Hamid Karzi's Peace Jirga? to organize negotiations with Taliban leaders, reintegrate former militants into society, and bring peace and stability to Afghanistan What is essential to increase stability? international aid Who are worried about the Taliban negotiations and why? Women and ethnic minorities because they have fragile positions in society and politics How much of the world's opium comes from Afghanistan? 80% What limits Afghanistan's industry? war and low supplies of raw materials In what field do a majority of Afghan workers earn their living? farming When was Afghanistan's presidential election? Oct. 9 2004 How many Afghans voted in the 2004 election? 8 million What is the role of the president? head of state and commander-in-chief of Afghanistan's armed forces What positions does the constitution detail? popularly elected President, two vice presidents, and national assembly with the house of people (Wolesi Jirga) and the house of elders (Meshrano Jirga) When did the first Afghan immigrants arrive in the U.S. 1930's and 1940's When was there a surge in Afghan immigrants and why? 1980's due to the Soviet Invasion What kind of people first immigrated to the U.S.? upper classes, highly educated, and trained in a profession How do most Afghans enter the U.S. currently? family reunification criteria What are modern immigrants like? not much experience with Americans, less educated, not very familiar with english what is their settlement pattern? large urban centers around other Afghans How many Afghans live in the Bay Area? 55-67% What is the issue for Afghan American children? they are in limbo between two cultures