Honors World History Final Exam
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213 terms
Malay | English |
|---|---|
| Alcuin of York |  Anglo-Saxon scholar who emphasized the study of classical Latin texts and classified secular texts into 'liberal arts' and 'quadrivium'. Also persuaded Charlemagne to start schools. |
| Charlemagne | "Holy Roman Emperor" and King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival; converted to Christianity, brutally converted by sword |
| Carolingian Renaissance | period of intellectual, cultural, and economic revival occurring in the late eighth and ninth centuries, with the peak of the activities occurring during the reigns of both Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. |
| Clovis | United Franks by force. Part of the Merovingian rule which was named after his grandfather Merovich. He conquers all of Rome's legions in 486. At age 30 he converts to Christianity and cooperates with the clergy and aids to bring in the Christian Rome. At his death the kingdom is broken into three parts: Gaul, France, and Germany. |
| Crusades | a series of violent military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims |
| feudalism | A political and economic system of Europe from the 9th to about the 15th century, based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of lord to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture. |
| fief | land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service |
| Franks | Germanic people who lived and held power in Gaul. Their leader was Clovis and he would later bring Christianity to the region. By 511 the Franks had united into one kingdom and they controlled the largest and strongest parts of Europe. |
| knight | originally a person of noble birth trained to arms and chivalry |
| Leo III | pope who on Christmas Day in 800 AD crowned Charlemagne 'Emperor and Augustus' creating Charles's new motto that he had revived the Roman empire. |
| Lord | in the middle ages, a noble who owned a self-sufficenient manor, and reported to the King |
| major domo | Second in command to King, administrator of Kings estates |
| Magyrs | The next-to-last version of the Asiatic invasions of Western Europe (this started with the Huns). They arrived in Europe in the ninth century and fought the Christianized Germans for 50 years. In 955 they were defeated and returned to the Hungarian plains, where they settled, and eventually accepted Christianity and joined European nations. |
| Manorialism | Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land. Inspired by Roman latifundia |
| Middle Ages | The historical period from around 500 A.D. up to around 1450 A.D. between the fall of Rome and the birth of the Renaissance |
| Monastery | A place where communities of monks live lives of devotion to God in isolation from the outside world, centers of literacy and theological scholarship during Medieval Europe |
| Oath of Fealty | In medieval Europe, fealty was sworn between two people, the obliged person (vassal) and a person of rank (lord). This was done as part of a formal investiture as a ceremony to create a feudal relationship. |
| Papal States | A group of territories in central Italy ruled by the popes from 754 until 1870. They were originally given to the papacy by Pepin the Short and reached their greatest extent in 1859. |
| Peasant | The lowest social class in Medieval Europe, often farmers. Distinguished in two classes serfs and freedmen |
| Pepin the Short | Known for ending the Merovingian rule and established relations between the papacy and the Franks. |
| Religious Orders | community of men/women who live and worship together and minister a community in a strict/specific way-men monks, women are nuns |
| Saxons | a group of germatic people who migrated to Britian |
| Secular | non-religious, also refers to _________ clergy consisting of those who do not follow the monastic order and live in monasteries |
| Serf | (Middle Ages) a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord |
| St. Benedict | saint who founded a monastery in nothern italy in the 6th century and wrote a set of instructions governing the lives of monks that was used by monasteries and convents across europe. |
| Two Field crop Rotation | a farming system prevalent in medieval lowland Britain whereby one of the two fields was cultivated while the other was left fallow to recover its fertility. |
| Tithe | a tax equal to a tenth of one's income; this idea existed in ancient religions before Christianity; used to help the poor |
| Vassal | In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord. |
| Vikings | skilled seafaring Scandinavians who raided the coasts of northern and western from the eighth through the tenth century. |
| Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; victories against Umayyad communities led to the conquest of Syria, move capital to Baghdad, encourage non-muslim conversion, known for bureaucracy, allow non-muslims to work in administration |
| Abu Bakr | (632-634) 1st caliph, father of second wife of Muhammad, built disciplined army that takes over the middle east/persia in name of allah |
| Allah | muslim term for God |
| Ali | 4th muslim caliph, son-in law/ cousin of Muhammad, elected by shiat ali, or "the party of Ali" because he descended from Muhammad |
| Bedouins | Arab nomads |
| Caliphs | spiritual head and temporal ruler of the Muslim community |
| Calligraphy | form of spiritual art that developed alongside the religion of Islam and the Arabic language. Believed by Muslims to be visible expression of the highest art of all, the art of the spiritual world, provides a link between the languages of the Muslims with the religion of Islam. |
| Five Pillars of Islam | 1. Creed, "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is his prophet" 2.Praying 5 times a day while facing Mecca 3. Alms giving, 2.5 percent income 4. Fasting during month of Ramadan 5. Making hajj, pilgrimage to Mecca once in life |
| Abu Bakr, Umar I, Uthman, Ali | First four elected caliphs after the death of muhammad |
| Hajj | the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah |
| Islam | means submission to allah, the religion of ethical monotheistic, founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Quran |
| Mosque | A Muslim house of worship |
| Mongols | Invaded Baghdad around 1258, destroyed the city and took of the Muslim Empire. Assimilated into the culture, and eventually helped the spread of the religion. |
| Muhammad | the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632), believed by Muslims to be the final prophet, life and teachings provide the foundation for Islam |
| Muslim | practicer of Islam |
| Uthman | (644-656 CE) caliph who commissioned mass publication of Quran, assassinated by Egyptians |
| Qur'an | holy book of Islam, compiled under the caliph |
| Saladin | A Kurdish (another sect of Islamic) Muslim who became the first Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. He led the Muslims against the Crusaders and eventually recaptured Palestine from the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. |
| Sharia | the code of Muslim law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed |
| Shi'a | the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad |
| Sufi | Muslim mystics who sought communion with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals |
| Sunni | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad |
| Turks | a member of the Turkish-speaking ethnic group in Turkey, or, formerly, in the Ottoman Empire |
| Umar I | (634-644 CE) second caliph who began the collection of speeches/ stories of Muhammad, political administrator (organizes Garrisons), believes Muslims and non-muslims are seperate |
| Ummayads | (661-680 CE) A Muslim dynasty dominated by the Sunni, Mu'awiya takes over after Ali, rule in name until 750, move capital to Damascus, built Dome of Rock, conquer N. Africa, rule spain, build Medina up |
| Charles Martel | also called 'The Hammer'. Was the great grandson of Pepin of Landen, defeated the Muslims in the 'battle of Tours' in 732 AD that prevented the Muslims from entering Gaul. |
| abbot | the superior of an abbey of monks |
| Agrarian Life | Majority of population during the middle ages farmed or worked in relation to fields |
| Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms | Britain had been subject to numerous Germanic invasions since the early 5th century, by 550 the Germans began conquest of Britain, eradicating, enslaving, and forcing the British across the channel to northwestern Gaul. The Germans, who had had little contact with the Romans, developed farming communities and small kingdoms within Britain ruled by local kings. |
| Benefice | A church office endowed with funds or property for the maintenance of divine service. |
| Carolingian | Relating to the Frankish dynasty, founded by Charlemagne's father, that ruled in western Europe from 750 to 987. |
| Celtic Fringe | wales and scottland and local languages remain dominant |
| Dark Ages | Period of cultural and economic decline and disruption that took place in Western Europe following the decline of the Roman Empire. 9th and 10 century remembered for constant barbarian attack, that reinforced feudalism and loyalty to local warlord to protect. (urban-rural, sewers-chamber pots, houses-shacks, aquaducts-wells, roman buildings-pilfered/stone reused, literate-illiteratw) |
| Fealty | the loyalty of a vassal to his feudal lord |
| Germanic Tribes | Barbarian invaders that traveled in a general south western direction, and contributed to Rome's decline. Oath driven, illiterate, agricultural warriors, that were governed by kings and clans. Includes Huns, Vandals, Visigoths, Burgundians, ostrogoths, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Lombards and Franks. |
| Investiture | a ceremony in which a person formally receives the authority and symbols of an office; in the feudal system was the ceremonial transfer of a fief by an overlord to a vassal. |
| knight | originally a person of noble birth trained to arms and chivalry |
| Merovingian | a Frankish dynasty founded by Clovis I that reigned in Gaul and Germany from about 500 to 750 and ended with the rule of Pepin III |
| noble | Upper class citizen, noble birth, aristocrat |
| political decentralization | delegation of power from a central authority to regional and local authorities, inspired by the Christian movement to establish local churches, monasteries and convents. |
| Pope Gregory I | (590-604 CE) expands role of bishop of rome to one of political rulership of papal areas in Italy and discusses his authority over all "Christiandom" or christian europe |
| Priest | a clergyman in Christian churches who has the authority to perform or administer various religious rites |
| Romance Languages | those European languages descended from Latin, namely French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish |
| Scutage | practice of paying money instead of providing military service to a lord in order for another to be trained in his place |
| Secular vs. regular Clergy | Two types of clergy applied in the Roman Catholic Church. The former refers to clerics who follow a "rule" in their life. Strictly, it means those members of religious orders who have made solemn profession. The former refers to deacons and priests who are not monstics or members of a religious order |
| St. Augustine | influential theologian, and bishop of Hippo in north Africa, who wrote "the City of God" and declared that the Christian message was spiritual rather than political. Highly influenced by Platonic philosophy |
| Treaty of Verdun | (843 CE) Treaty that ended power struggle of Charlemagne's 3 sons after his death and split Franks into 3 kingdoms |
| Vassalage | mutual obligations with a monarch, usually of military support and mutual protection, in exchange for certain guarantees, which came to include the terrain held as a fief |
| Three Field Crop Rotation | Land divided into three parts. The three fields were rotated so that every three years, a field would rest and be unplanted. Under the two field system, if one has a total of 600 fertile acres of land, one would only plant 300 acres. Under the new three-field rotation system, one would plant (and thereby harvest) 400 acres. Additional crops had a more significant effect than mere productivity also increased the overall nutrition |
| Civilization | a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations) |
| Empire | a political unit in which a number of peoples or countries are controlled by a single ruler or sovereign state |
| Hegemony | mperial form of rule, the predominance of one unit over the others in a group, the rule of an empire over its subject peoples, when the foreign government is exercised with their substantial consent |
| Dominance | imperial form of rule, the imposition of alien government through force, as opposed to hegemony |
| Technology | the ways in which people apply knowledge, tools and inventions to meet their needs |
| Cultural Diffusion | The spread of ideas, objects, or traits from one culture to another. vs. innovation |
| Patriarchy | form of social organization in which the father rules the family or tribe, descent being traced through the father |
| Monarchy | a government in which power is in the hands of a single person |
| Oligarchy | a government in which power is in the hands of a few people-especially one in which rule is based upon wealth |
| Democracy | a government controlled by its citizens, either directly or through representatives |
| Tyranny | A leader who comes to power outside the traditional way often by wooing the lower class for support. These leaders often encouraged new trades and invested money in infrastructure. |
| Republic | a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by the people |
| 5 Good Emperors (69-180 CE) | When was the height of the Roman Empire? |
| Pax Romana | A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180. |
| Jesus | carpenters son who became a teacher and prophet of Christianity, born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth |
| Peter | (5-67 CE) One of the 12 apostles of Jesus; Roman Catholics consider him to be the first pope, |
| Paul | A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, became a Christian. Not apostle. |
| Constantine | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians after winning a battle in 313; moves capital to Constantinople |
| Theodosius | Roman Emperor from 379 to 395, makes Christianity official religion of of empire; persecutes pagans and jews (olympics illegal, temples destroyed, no more public baths), sons forever divide empire. |
| Council of Nicea | (325 CE) meeting to establish theological doctrines of christianity; largest council of bishops- creed from this conference cornerstone of beliefs; heresies stopped, New Testament books chosen, others suppressed |
| Bishop | a clergyman having spiritual and administrative authority over smaller churches, subordinate to archbishop and pope |
| Pope | Father of the Roman Catholic Church and the direct organizational successor of the apostle Peter. |
| Martyr | one who voluntarily suffers death as the penalty for refusing to renounce their religion |
| Heresy | any opinions or doctrines at variance with the official or orthodox position |
| New Testament | the collection of the books of the Bible that were produced by the early Christian church, comprising the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, the Epistles, and the Revelation of St. John the Divine |
| St. Scholastica | The patron saint of nuns and leader of a community for women at Plombariola, sister of St. Benedict |
| Bureaucracy | A system of departments and agencies formed to carry out the work of the government. |
| Theocracy | a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divine) |
| City-State | a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit |
| Romulus Augustus | Last Roman Emperor conquered by Odoacer in 476 CE |
| Pharisees | Leaders who disliked Roman occupation, tried to work within it and maintain Jewish traditions |
| Sadduccees | Temple rabbis and followers who appeased Romans |
| Zealots | Jews actively working against romans and trying to maintain traditional Judaism |
| Essenes | Group who withdrew to practice Religion away from politics |
| Diocletian and Valerian | Last great prosecutions of Christians under _________ and __________ |
| Order of Conversion | poor/plebeian, plebeian women, scholarly men, patrician women, patrician men |
| Diocletian Reform | 1) Breaks up Empire east and west 2) Great persecution of Christians 3) Tax Reforms: professional inheritance 4) restructured empire (town village- parish-Dioceses-Province) |
| Edict of Milan | also called "Edict of Toleration" issued by Constantine that allowed Christians to openly practice their faith in the Roman empire. |
| Tiberius | JC: Augustus' stepson by Livia, successor to Augustus, married Augustus' daughter Julia, stayed away from Rome, carefully managed government officials, unpopular |
| Caligula | JC: Augustus' great nephew, first two years of rule successful, end of reign insane (likely schizophrenic), funded great extravagances |
| Claudius | JC: Great nephew of Augustus, physical disabilities, reorganized complex bureaucracy, known as scholar emperor, annexed Britain, wife Agripina maneuvered son Nero into office by poisoning |
| Nero | JC: Claudius' step son by Agripina, violent reign during which he killed his mom, kicked his mistress to death, mysterious fire throughout Rome, known for being an artist and for sexual escapades, stole money from citizens, commits suicide |
| Vespasian | F: gains office by convincing Roman trrops in Jerusalem to march on Italy, attempted to reform tax system,bureaucracy, no pretense Senate ran government, final decisions made by emperor, known for being conscientious and modest |
| Titus | F: elder son of Vespasian, rules co-consul with father, dies suddenly (ruled briefly), brother takes over |
| Domitian | F: younger son of Vespasian, rules as autocrat, held office of Censor permanently, good administrator but very excessive, became paranoid during end of reign and had large scake massacres, assassinated |
| Nerva | 5GE: chosen by senate and conspirators to rule after Domitian, elderly senator, developed elaborate welfare system |
| Trajan | 5GE: popular military general, first provincial to achieve imperial power, organized government (secretarial staff at Rome consulted imperial archives for past solution when problem arose), grandiose building plans, attempted to fight Parthians (failed-died on journey home) |
| Hadrian | 5GE: Trajan adopted as son (b/c distant spainsh relative), strengthened defenses, crushed revolts of Jews in Jerusalem, known for personal supervision of Empire, consolidated Roman gains |
| Antonius Pius | 5GE: named successor, continued policy of Hadrian but without personal supervision, spent reign in Italy wars broke out after reign, extended Roman Empire to greatest extent |
| Marcus Aurelius | 5GE: successor of Antonius Pius, last great emperor, ruled during incessant military campaigns, died before establishing strong military frontier |
| Commodus | (180-192 CE) Marcus Aurelius' son, incompetent ruler devoted to pleasure, placed Rome in the hands of military, palace guards auction off empire to the highest bidder, army and warring leaders presided over a state in perpetual decline |
| First Triumvirate | Pompey, Caesar, Crassus, each got separate territories- Crassus died in 53 BCE, Pompey had senate's support but Caesar crossed Rubican River and conquered Italy and seized Rome in 47 BCE, became 'Roman Dictator for Life' assassinated |
| Second Triumvirate | Octavius, Marc Antony, and Lepidus. Ocatvius took over, won battle against Antony in egypt, Republic was over. beginning of "pax Romana" |
| Bread and circuses | Augustus brought these to Rome so that 100,000 unemployed, young people young people would not cause problems |
| Juvenal | poet, who satirized gritty realities of Rome |
| Umma | community of believers in Islam, transcends ethnic and political boundaries |
| Hadith | stories of Prophet Muhammad's life and deeds that provide model for human life |
| Mecca | trading center in the seventh century lacking government; held Ka'aba, a rectangular building that housed a cubical black stone structure, and the sacred tokens of all the clans of Mecca |
| Jihad | sacred struggle, some see as a call to physical warfare others see as personal struggle to live Islam as fully as possible |
| Dar al-Islam | "the abode of peace." The term refers to the land of Islam, or the territories in which Islam and its religious laws (shari'a) may be freely practiced |
| Mu'awiya | caliph after Ali assassinated, declares himself caliph, moves capital to Damascus and opened Islam to cosmopolitan influences and a more professional style of administration |
| Yazid 1 | Mu'awiya son who battles Husayn |
| Husayn | Grandson of Muhammad and son of Ali and Fatimah. He was martyred when refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid I of the Umayyad Caliphate and especially revered by the Shi'a Muslims for this. |
| Mahadi | according to Islamic tradition, a messianic leader who will appear to restore justice, truth, and religion for a brief period before judgment day) |
| Qadis | Muslim judges who resolved problems by searching the classical texts of the Quran, biographies of the prophet for their core teachings, local custom, their own judgment (ijtihad) and the Hadith |
| Ulama | a class that includes qadis and their assistant of religiously trained scholars of Islam who interpret and implement the law |
| missi dominici | special officers who checked up on the counts and others and reported directly to the king under Charlemagne's rule |
| Monastery | centers of literacy, copy ancient Roman manuscripts, create art manuscripts (illumination); a place where communities of monks live lives of devotion to God in isolation from the outside world |
| Venerable Bede | wrote a history of England called "The Ecclesiastical History of the English People"; one of the best historical works of the early middle ages |
| Decline in Population | Wars had caused some decline, disease and famine results in further decline in 5th and 6th centuries, only 10% arable land under cultivation |
| Disruption of Trade | Down fall of cities due to German tribal invasions, trade routes in south and east taken over by islamic empires, flight from cities because of plague, road disrepair |
| Decline of Learning | Germanic tribal groups are illiterate, average level of literacy in former Roman world declines as people return to agriculture, priests and officials maintain some level of literacy |
| Loss of Common Language | written latin declines and many groups never adopt, less trade and intellectual exchanges among population, rise of germanic languages and romance languages |
| Cities Decline | Roman cities are abandoned, return to agricultural life centered around strongest warrior in area for protection, local lords provide protection for lesser lords and peasant in exchange they receive land yo work or other jobs |
| Imperial Monarchy | territorial, political, and economic empire ruled by a single military commander and his army |
| Augustus' Public Image | claims, he restored republic, refuse titles of dictator for life or king, takes title of princip, uses propaganda to show he is not seizing power |
| Augustus' Rulership | took consulship each year, controlled majority of army, treasury, made govt. appintments, conducted full census of empire in 28 BCE, Senate continues with major role |
| Augustus' Expansion | reduced legions, brought Antony's legions under self, senate controls legions near Rome, all other legions report to Augustus, revised training program and pay, cash bonus for retired soldiars, expanded empire to circle Mediterranean sea, Egypt taken as personal property, conquers N. Spain, Germany, Austria, Turkey, and Hungary |
| Augustus' Social Policy | vows to restore old moral ways, laws passed against adultery, rebuilds temples, encourages marriages and children with tax breaks, revitalizes Roman cults, encourages bread rations and mass entertainment |
| Augustus' Trade and Economy | overlooked some war debts, encouraged small scale industry in Italy, encouraged road building, encouraged imperial and foreign trade |
| Augustus' Legacy | set stage for 200 years of peace, universal law, coinage, and bureaucracy, citizenship granted and roman culture spread, golden age of architecture, literature, set up provincial system of governorship and garrisons, continued legacy of support of legions, left a huge issue of succession, lack of freedom of expression (satire results) |
| Legacies of Rome | Mass Entertainment (races, fights, circuses), Architecture and Engineering (arch, domes, concrete, roads, aqueducts), Trade, Spread of Christianity, Law and Government (senate, law terminology, republic, civil procedure), Warfare (took engineers with legions, organized army, brutality), Greek Influence (collected/translated Greek works), Roman Baths |
| Stoicism | the philosophical system of the Stoics following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno -- emphasized reason as a means of understanding the natural state of things, or logos, and as a means of freeing oneself from emotional distress, became popular in Rome |
| Fall of Roman Empire | series of corrupt rulers, cost of sustaining the empire by military force overtaxed the imperial economy impoverishing the middle classes (decline of yeoman farmer), rise of Christianity, continual barbarian invasion |
| Muslim Civil Wars | jockeying for power among various political, economic, tribal and religious interest groups precipitated a series of civil wars (first major civil war within the Islamic Caliphate. It arose as a struggle over who had the legitimate right to become the ruling Caliph. The dispute shattered the unity of the Muslim ummah and resulted in the permanent division of Islam into rival Shi'a and Sunni sects.) |
| Rashid al-Din | wrote "world history,' which many regard as the first attempt at a history of humanity |
| Ibn Khaldun | Man from Tunis, often viewed as the first to apply social science theory to the study of history in his book, "Universal History" |
| Indian Ocean |  |
| Arctic Ocean |  smallest ocean in the world |
| Pacific Ocean |  largest ocean in the world |
| Mediterranean | sea north of africa |
| Adriatic | Sea along the eastern coast of the Italian penninsula |
| Aegean Sea | Sea along the eastern coast of Greece |
| Tyrrhenian Sea | Sea along the western coast of Italy |
| Ionian | Sea along the south-eastern coast of Italy, below the adriatic |
| Black Sea | Sea north of Turkey |
| Caspian Sea | Sea north of Baghdad |
| North Sea | Sea to the east of the UK |
| Red Sea | Sea between Africa and Saudi arabia, east of the nile |
| Sahara | Desert in North Africa |
| Gobi Desert | Desert north of China and south of mongolia |
| Himalayas | worlds highest mountain range, mountains along northern Indian border |
| Alps | Mountain range north of Italy |
| Equator | horizontal line at 0 degrees that divides northern and southern hemispheres |
| Prime Meridian | vertical line at 0 degrees that divides eastern and western hemispheres, (goes through UK, south west africa) |
| Huang He | also called yellow river, in china, goes into Yellow Sea, north of China |
| Yangtze | the longest river of Asia, south of china |
| Nile | the world's longest river (4180 miles) |
| Jordan | a river in Palestine that empties into the Dead Sea |
| Tigris | the eastern of the two rivers that define the historic region of the fertile crescent, empties into the Persian Gulf. Baghdad alongside this river |
| Euphrates | the western of the two rivers that defines the historic region of the fertile crescent, |
| Indus | the chief river of Pakistan as well as the ultimate source of the name of India. It rises in Tibet and flows 1,800 miles to a delta on the Arabian Sea southeast of Karachi. |
| Ganges | a river in India that flows into the Bay of Bengal; in Hinduism, it is known as a sacred river |
| Anatolia | a peninsula in southwestern Asia, north of the island Cyprus, that forms the Asian part of Turkey |
| Alexandria | City in Egypt, north of Cairo, founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization |
| Constantinople | the largest city and former capital of Turkey, formerly Byzantium |
| Danube | the 2nd longest European river, North of italy |
| Macedonia | the ancient kingdom of Philip II and Alexander the Great in the southeastern Balkans that is now divided among modern Macedonia and Greece and Bulgaria |
| Sicily | the Mediterranean's largest island, colonized from the eighth century BC by Greeks and Carthaginians who frequently warred with each other or the island's native people. |
| Sparta | the largest ancient Greek city-state, located on the southern Peloponnesus, famous for its military prowess and unique societal behavior |
| Baghdad | Capital city of Iraq. As heart of the Arab Empire, it was second only to Constantinople in terms of size and grandeur in 1000 C.E., capital and largest city of Iraq |
| Cairo | the capital of Egypt and the largest city in Africa, at the bottom of the headwaters of the nile |
| Celtic Fringe | areas known as wales and scotland |
| Cordoba | Muslims created this city which is the center of politics and culture in spain, central/southern spain |
| Damascus | the chosen city by the umayyad Caliphs in Syria to be their capital, east of mediterranean sea, north of Jordan river |
| Scandinavia | The country where the Vikings come from. It is made up of Norway, Denmark and Sweden. |
| Mecca | the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace, east of red sea, 2/3 down arabian peninnsula |
| Medina | City in Saudi Arabia, north of mecca to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231) |
| Papal States | some of the the most important renaissance city states in central Italy that included Rome and were ruled by the Pope. |
| Paris | the capital and largest city of France |
| Saxony | an area in Germany around the upper Elbe river |
| Tours | city in france where battle took place that stopped the advance of islam into western europe |
| Persia | an empire in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. East of Arabia |
| Atlantic Ocean |  |
| Einhard | A scholar for Charlemagne who wrote a complete history of him and where we get most of our information from. |
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