Evolve Ch 13 Urinary System
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45 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 (function of the) kidneys | purify blood, insure adequate (water & electrolytes) chemical contents, efficiently discard wastes. |
| (parts of the) kidneys | renal cortex (has billions of nephrons), renal medulla, renal pelvis |
| Ureter | (each kidney has a) small tube which carries waste from the kidneys to the (urinary) bladder |
| Urinary bladder | storage area for urine |
| Urethra | tube which carries urine from the bladder to the urethral orifice |
| Passage of urine | Kidney - Ureter - Urinary Bladder - Urethra - Prostate (males) - urethral orifice |
| Feline Urological Syndrome | FUS (urine is 8-9 pH, alkaline urine) |
| (Urinalysis) Collection methods | Voided sample, manual expression of the bladder, catheterization, cystocentesis |
| (Urinalysis) Volume | (Normal urine production for) dogs 12-30 ml/lb and cats 4.5-9ml/lb per 24hrs |
| (Urinalysis) Color | various shades of yellow, (depending on concentration, Abnormal color causes; drugs, increased urinary pigments or red blood cells) |
| Red to reddish-brown urine (associated with?) | (color associated w) blood (due to hematuria, hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria ) |
| Yellow-green to yellow-brown urine | (color associated w) bilirubinuria |
| (Urinalysis) Turbidity | cloudiness (urine is normally transparent, cloudy urine suggests the presence of cells, casts or crystals) |
| (Urinalysis) Odor | (has a)characteristic smell. (particularly foul odor may occur in the presence of bacteria. Strong smelling urine is common in cases of cystitis. Ketonuria & Glucosuria produce a very sweet smell; also acetonemia, pregnancy toxemia & diabetes) |
| Dip stick | Specific gravity, pH, Glucose, Blood (RBC), Leukocytes, Protein, Ketones, Bilirubin, Urobilinogen, Nitrites |
| (Urinalysis) Sediment | RBC, WBC, Epithelial Cells, cast, crystals (lipid droplets, parasites, sperm, bacteria, fungi, yeast, pollen) |
| Pollakuria | frequent urination |
| Polyuria | excessive urination |
| Ketonuria | ketone bodies are present in the urine (as in diabetes mellitus or starvation) |
| cylinduria | (presence of) casts formation in the urine (Hyaline, granular, waxy, fatty & cellular casts) |
| crystaluria | (presence of) crystals in the urine |
| lipiduria | (presence of) lipids in the urine |
| Bilirubinuria | (presence of) bilirubin in the urine, (dark pigment accumulates in urine as a result of liver or gallbladder disease) |
| Proteinuria | (presence of) protein in the urine (source; inflammation, blood, kidney disease) |
| Hematuria | (presence of) erythrocytes in the urine (source; inflammation, neoplasia, trauma) |
| Pyuria | (presence of) white cells in the urine (source; leukocytes, infection, inflammation) |
| Glucosuria | (presence of) glucose in the urine (source; hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus, stess) |
| acidic urine | (<6 pH) meat diet, (systemic acidosis, hypochloridemia, and administration of acidifying agents) |
| alkaline urine | >8 pH, vegetable based diet, (bacterial infection, urine exposed to room air for an extended time) |
| Specific gravity | measures urine density, or the ability of the kidney to concentrate or dilute the urine over that of plasma (normal range between 1.020 - 1.040 or alittle higher) |
| Hyposthenuric | <1.008 Sp Gr (specific gravity below 1.008, indicates kidney's ability to dilute urine) |
| Isosthenuric | 1.008-1.012 Sp Gr (specific gravity between 1.008-1.012, same specific gravity as plasma) |
| Struvite crystals (appear as) | colorless rectangles, or coffin lids (although they may dissolve into bizarre shapes,can be formed in urine with a wide range of pH, are the most common crystal) |
| Calcium oxalate crystals (appear as) | (crystals are) colorless, envelope or dumbbell shape (form in acidic to neutral urine) |
| Cystine crystals (appear as) | colorless hexagons (and are most often seen as a congenital defect in Dalmations-proteinuria, form in acidic to neutral urine.) |
| Amorphous urate crystals (appear) | golden to brown and spherical with irregular protrusions (Seen in animals with portovascular malformation, severe hepatic disease, and uncommonly in clinically normal Dalmatians and English bulldogs. aka Ammonium biurate crystals) |
| Ammonium biurate crystals (appear) | yellow-brown, round & irregularly spiked. (are present in animals with liver disease.) |
| Bilirubin crystals (look like) | (Look like) feather dusters (most frequently associated with a bilirubinuria.) |
| Calcium carbonate crystals (appear) | colorless to yellow spheres or dumbbells. (form in alkaline urine, especially in horses and rabbits) |
| Nitrituria | (presence of) nitrites in the urine (source; some bacteria) |
| nephrons | remove waste, produce urine (filtering units of the kidney that remove waste from the blood and produce urine) |
| renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis | (parts of the) kidneys |
| Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra, Prostate (males), Urethral orifice | passage of urine |
| Voided sample, manual expression of the bladder, catheterization, cystocentesis | collection methods |
| purify blood, insure adequate (water & electrolytes) chemical contents, efficiently discard wastes. | (function of) kidneys |
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