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Ovaries female sex glands that store the ova (eggs) and produce female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) Uterus a hollow muscular organ in which a fertilized egg(s) develop uterine horns Place where fetuses develop (connects uterus to oviducts) Cervix is a strong sphincter which closes off the uterus from the vagina Vagina female passageway for the reproductive and urinary tract to the external environment Vulva external female genitalia Labia folds of skin that enclose the vaginal and urethral openings Mammary Glands produce and secrete milk Colostrum mother's first milk Oocytes immature eggs (cells that form ova) ovum (pleural; ova) mature egg cell zygote fertilized egg Anestrus absence of estrus (period of ovarian inactivity) Proestrus preparation of estrus, FSH is released (will attract males, will not allow mating) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen (produced by the pituitary) Estrus Period of sexual receptivity, correlated with ovulation, estrogen levels peak and LH is released (will attract and allow mating) Estrogen a pregnancy hormone that causes females to go into estrus, produced by the ovaries Luteinizing hormone (LH) produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum & ovulation (In males it stimulates the production of the sex hormone testosterone.) Progesterone (P4) a pregnancy hormone that inhibits development of other follicles & inhibits production of LH. (produced by the ovaries & CL.) Metestrus period of the reproductive cycle after sexual receptivity. (beyond/after estrus, CL forms and produces progesterone) Corpus Luteum (CL) results from rupturing of a follicle during ovulation, becomes a small yellow body that produces progesterone Diestrus period of ovarian activity without signs of heat (through/across estrus, stage when the corpus luteum has reached its full size and is producing maximum amount of progestrone) prostaglandins (are) chemicals released by the uterus if the female does NOT conceive, destroying the corpus luteum Monestrous one estrus per year polyestrous Multiple estrus per year. Ovariohysterectomy surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus (spay, OVH, OHE) Pyometra pus in the uterus Mastitis inflammation of the mammary glands endometrium inner lining of the uterus Pseudocyesis false pregnancy Testes produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones, testosterone (male gonads) Spermatozoa contains half of the genetic information needed to create a new animal (mature sperm cells, capable of fertilizing) scrotum sac containing the testes Epididymis (single tube located over the testes that) stores sperm Vas Deferens main duct through which semen is carried from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct Prostate Gland encircles the urethra and contributes a transparent fluid to semen (that protects sperm from the acidic environment) bulbus glandis responsible for "tie" (bulb-like enlargement on the shaft of the penis which becomes blood-engorged, and locks (tied) inside the vagina) Eclampsia condition of low calcium hypocalcemia abnormally low level of calcium in the blood Flushing act of increasing feed before breeding Dystocia difficult birth Meiosis cell division that produces reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) Spermatogenesis production of sperm Endometrium inner lining of the uterus Metritis inflammation of uterus (uterine tissue)