1.
95 Theses: 95 complaints made by Martin Luther
2.
Anglican Church: the national church of England (and all other churches in other countries that share its beliefs)
3.
Copernicus: Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)
4.
Council Of Trent: an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Reformation
5.
Counter Reformation: the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)
6.
Descartes: French philosopher and mathematician
7.
Elizabeth I: Queen of England from 1558 to 1603
8.
Galileo: Italian Astronomer who discovered Planetery rotation
9.
Heliocentric theory: Every thing revolves around the sun studied by Galelo and Copernicus
10.
Humanism: the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason
11.
Indulgence: the remission by the pope of the temporal punishment in purgatory that is still due for sins even after absolution
12.
Jan Van Eyck: Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441)
13.
Jenner: English physician who pioneered vaccination
14.
Johann Gutenberg: German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)
15.
John Calvin: Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)
16.
King Henry VIII: Founder of the church in England and ruled England from 1509-1547. He broke the Catholic church because he couldn't get a divorce
17.
Leonardo Da Vinci: Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect
18.
Machiavelli: a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government (1469-1527)
19.
Martin Luther: German monk who was one of the most important critics of the Catholic church
20.
Medici Family: Florence's ruling family
21.
Michaelangelo: artist known for the frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
22.
Newton: English mathematician and physicist
23.
Patron: a regular customer
24.
Peace of Augsburg: 1.German rulers decide if they are Lutheran or Catholic 2.If a German Ruler took property from the church before 1552 they can keep it 3.Bishops go to states of their religion 4.Lutheran is the only other religion
25.
Perspective: the appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer
26.
Predestination: (theology) being determined in advance
27.
Printing Press: invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda; laid basis for formation of distinct political parties; enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjects
28.
Protestant: the Protestant churches and denominations collectively
29.
Reformation: rescuing from error and returning to a rightful course
30.
Renaissance: the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world
31.
Scientific Method: a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses
32.
Secular: worldly; not pertaining to church matters or religion; temporal
33.
Sir Thomas More: English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded
34.
Theocracy: the belief in government by divine guidance
35.
Utopia: an imaginary place considered to be perfect or ideal
36.
Vernacular: the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language)
37.
Vesalius: a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy (1514-1564)
38.
William Shakespeare: English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)