Toxicology Midterm
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162 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Species most sensitive to anticoagulants | pigs |
| Species most susceptible to anticoagulants | dogs |
| Specimen to submit for anticoagulants | blood live (liver dead) |
| Test that detects proteins induced by Vit K antagonists | PIVKA |
| Has similar syndrome as anticoagulants | spoiled sweet clover |
| Antidote for Anticoagulant toxicity | Vitamin K1 |
| MOA for anticoagulant toxicity | inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase -> decrease in clotting factors 2,7,9,10 |
| MOA for cholecalciferol toxicity | increase in serum Ca++ d/t increase absorption and tubular reabsoption -> mineralization of soft tissues, organ failure, and hemorrhage |
| Specimen to submit for cholecalciferol toxicosis | blood if alive (bile, kidney if dead) |
| psoriasis medication | cholecalciferol toxication |
| Antidote for Cholecalciferol toxicosis | Pamidronate disodium (inhibits bone resorption) |
| MOA for brometalin toxicity | uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation leads to lack of ATP and energy for Na/K pump |
| Species resistant to brometalin toxicosis | guinea pigs |
| CNS signs seen with brometalin toxicosis | cerebral and spinal cord edema, increased CSF pressure, upper motor neuron like spinal lesion (T3-L3) white matter vacuolization, demyelination with subacute toxicity |
| Brometalin is secreted in... | bile (may undergo enterohepatic circulation = multiple doses of activated charcoal needed) |
| Specimen to submit for brometalin | bait, vomitus, stomach contents |
| Cathartic you should use for brometalin toxicosis | sodium sulfate (NOT magnesium sulfate) |
| MOA for strychnine | blocks post synaptic effect of glycine (a neurotransmitter) in the spinal cord -> tonic seizures |
| Species most sensitive to strychnine | dogs |
| Species resistant to strychnine | poultry |
| Strychnine tastes | bitter |
| Specimen to submit for strychnine | urine (stomach contents if dead) |
| What are contraindicated with strychnine toxicosis? | Sodium bicarb in gastric lavage -and- opiods, NM blockers, phenothiazines, and dissosiative anesthetics |
| MOA of Zinc phosphide | unknown |
| dead fish odor | zinc phosphide toxicosis |
| What enhances toxicity in Zn3P2? | gastric acid helps form phosphine gas which causes the acute toxicity (thus oral antacids will help precipitate toxin and improve prognosis) |
| Zn3P2 is eliminated via the | lungs (will cause fibrosis) |
| Mad running dog | zinc phosphide toxicosis when it gets to the brain |
| Specimen to submit for Zn3P2 toxicosis | stomach contents, vomitus, bait (should freeze) |
| damages vessels and erythrocyte membrane -> death and anoxia | zinc phosphide toxicosis |
| Toxin found in livestock protection collar | fluoroacetate 1080 |
| MOA of fluoroacetate 1080 | slowing of the citric acid cycle -> decreased cellular respiration and energy production |
| Who is resistant to fluoroacetate 1080 | chickens |
| In fluoroacetate 1080, CNS stimulation is due to | build up of ammonia |
| fluoroacetate 1080 is highly toxic in | livestock (causes Heart failure in horses, cattle, goats, sheep) |
| T/F: Citrate in the blood is diagnostic for fluoroacetate 1080 toxicosis | False. It is suggestive, NOT DIAGNOSTIC |
| Specimen to submit for fluoroacetate 1080 | gastric contents and vomitus |
| Tx for fluoroacetate 1080 include | limewater (precipitates fluroacetate) Acetate donor compounds (ex acetic acid) Calcium chloride IV (prevent arrhythmias) |
| camp stoves | metaldehyde |
| MOA of metaldehyde | GABA antagonist |
| formaldehyde odor in stomach contents | metaldehyde |
| convulsions excited by external stimuli | metaldehyde |
| Species rarely intoxicated with metaldehyde | cats |
| chronic toxicosis with ________ leads to liver damage in dogs | metaldehyde |
| Specimen examined for metaldehyde | stomach contents |
| Acepromzine won't aggrevate seizure in horse with this toxicosis | metaldehyde |
| "shake and bake" syndrome | metaldehyde |
| For metaldehyde toxicosis, what two things will slow absorption | milk and sodium bicarb |
| wood preservative | PCP |
| MOA of PCP | uncoupling phosphorylation which decreases ATP production |
| stored in fat | chlorinated hydrocarbons PCP |
| neuro signs with acute toxicosis wasting signs with chronic toxicosis | PCP |
| hyperkeratosis of skin, villous hyperplasia of bladder | PCP |
| acidic plant hormones | 2,4-D |
| MOA of 2,4-D | uncoupling phosphorylation which decreases ATP production |
| increase palatability of plant increases its toxicity | 2,4-D |
| Species most sensitive to 2,4-D | dogs |
| What increases renal excretion in 2,4-D toxicosis | alkalization |
| More toxic when inhaled | nicotine, metaldehyde, rotenone |
| Restricted use pesticide | Paraquat |
| General use pesticide | Diquat |
| MOA of paraquat and diquat | reduced by NAPDH to produce a free radical |
| Caustic to MM | paraquat and diquat |
| Pulmonary signs seen 10x more than in other tissues | paraquat |
| Toxicity is enhanced by Vit E/Selenium deficiency, depletion of gluthione and O2 therapy | paraquat and diquat |
| Bentonite and Fuller's earth | paraquat and diquat |
| Herbicide that causes GI, hepatic and renal lesions | paraquat and diquat |
| What should be used to tx paraquat and diquat toxicity | Antioxidants like Acetylchysteine and vitamin C |
| lingual ulcers | diquat |
| MOA of organophosphates | irreversible inhibition of cholinesterases |
| Type of organophosphates more toxic in young | systemic organophosphates |
| Species most sensitive to organophosphates | birds and fish |
| Specimens to submit for organophosphates toxicosis | stomach/rumen contents, skin, hair |
| Drugs contraindicated with organophosphate toxicosis | NM blockers and muscle relaxants |
| organophosphates require activation | in the liver (lethal synthesis) |
| Antidote for organophosphate toxicosis | 2 PAM (+ atropine) |
| With organophosphates toxicosis, diphenhydramine can antagonize what? | Nicotinic effects |
| MOA of carbamate | reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase |
| Specimen to submit for carbamate toxicosis | stomach contents |
| Antidote for carbamate toxicosis | atropine |
| Differences bw organophosphates and carbamates in the environment | Organophosphates- long time in environment carbamates- short lived in environment |
| MOA of chlorinated hydrocarbons | delay Na+ channels in nerve membranes causing CNS stimulation and seizures (may also inhibit GABA) |
| Chlorinated hydrocarbons have low toxicity in most mammals except | cats (sensitive) |
| bioaccumulation | chlorinated hydrocarbons |
| CNS depression in birds but stimulation in all other animals | chlorinated hydrocarbons |
| abnormal posturing, cows walking backwards | chlorinated hydrocarbons |
| MOA of pyrethrins | delay closure of Na+ ion channels in axonal membrane of insect aka "knock down effect" |
| knock down effect | pyrethrins |
| Species most sensitive to pyrethrins | birds and fish |
| Specimens to submit for chlorinated hydrocarbons | alive BLOOD, liver, brain (dead brain) |
| Specimens to submit for pyrethrins | liver, brain |
| What can be used to help the tremors associated with pyrethrin toxicosis | methacarbamol |
| How stable are pyrethrins in the environment | unstable |
| allergic reactions can be seen with | pyrethrins (tx with diphenhydramine) |
| dog product used on cats | pyrethrins |
| potentiated by piperonyl butoxide | pyrethrins and D- limonene |
| MOA of Rotenone | Blocks ETC |
| Species resistant to rotenone | chickens |
| Species most sensitive to rotenone | fish and cold blooded |
| Specimens to submit with rotenone | vomitus, blood, urine, feces |
| hypoglycemia seen with | rotenone |
| rotenone is slightly toxic unless it is | emulsified concentrate |
| lethal synthesis | organophosphates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, rotenone |
| mainly used for ear mites | rotenone |
| eliminated in feces | rotenone |
| MOA of D-limonene | unknown |
| citrus smell | D-limonene |
| Cats 5x more sensitive than dogs | D-limonene |
| skin lesions | D-limonene (necrosis of skin) Pyrethrins |
| CNS depression | D-limonene, rotenone, amitraz, ivermectin, brometalin |
| MOA of nicotine | Stimulation of CNS followed by depression (small dose -> NM stimulation, large dose -> NM blockade) |
| old cigar smell | nicotine |
| Specimens to submit for nicotine toxicosis | urine, blood, liver, kidneys |
| Death due to respiratory failure | strychnine, organophosphates, nicotine, metaldehydes |
| Antidote for nicotine toxicosis | mecamylamine (before clinical signs) [atropine can prevent muscarinic effects] |
| MOA for amitraz | alpha 2 agonist in CNS and ANS alpha 1 agonist in the ANS weak MAOI |
| Amitraz is contraindicated in what species? | equine |
| hyperglycemia seen with | amitraz (due to inhibition of insulin) |
| Meperidine and sympathetic amines increase toxicity in | amitraz toxicosis |
| flea collar/ dip ingestion | amitraz |
| cardiovascular collapse | amitraz |
| Antidote for amitraz toxicosis | Alpha 2 antagonists (yohimbine or atipamazole) |
| MOA for DEET | unknown |
| insect repellant smell | DEET |
| Specimen to submit for DEET toxicosis | vitreous humor, stomach contents, urine, blood, skin |
| Diagnostic sample for DEET | 20 ppm |
| moth ball smell | napthalene |
| hemolytic anemia, Heinz bodies, methemoglobinemia, icteric patient | napthalene |
| MOA of napthalene | direct irritation, causes oxidation products which lead to hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia |
| Specimen to submit for napthalene toxicosis | blood |
| urinal and toilet blocks | napthalene |
| Tx for methemoglobinemia caused by napthalene toxicosis | Ascorbic acid or methylene blue (no methylene blue for cats!) |
| MOA for ivermectin | GABA agonist |
| Most sensitive to ivermectin | Collies and parakeets (SQ in cats!) Horse most sensitive large animal |
| Specimen to submit for ivermectin toxicosis | liver, fat, GI contents, feces |
| Extremely toxic | strychnine, ivermectin (cats SQ, collies) 1 mg/kg or less |
| Relatively harmless | D-limonene >15 g/kg |
| practically nontoxic | DEET 5 - 15 g/kg |
| Slightly toxic | Rotenone 0.5 - 5 g/kg |
| Moderately toxic | amitraz, napthalene, metaldehydes, paraquat, diquat, 2,4-D 50-500 mg/kg |
| delayed toxicosis | OP (can be both acute and delayed) napthalene if swallowed whole anticoagulant rodenticides |
| highly toxic dose | 1-50 mg/kg |
| acute toxicity | within 24 hrs |
| subacute toxicity | 1 - 30 days |
| subchronic toxicity | 30 - 90 days |
| chronic toxicity | 3 months or more |
| ratio between acute LD50 and chronic LD50 | chronicity factor (low chronicity = unlikely chronic toxicity d/t rapid metabolism) |
| LD0 | highest dose that does not cause any death |
| LD50 | dose that kills 50% of animals with in the group |
| LD100 | dose that kills all the animals of the group |
| never freeze | whole blood (can freeze serum) |
| home emetic of choice | hydrogen peroxide |
| Emetic of choice for dogs | Apomorphine reversed by naloxone |
| Emetic of choice for cats | Xylazine reversed by yohimbine |
| used to dilute corrosive toxicants | milk or water |
| used to acidify/ionize weak bases | ammonium chloride or methionine (used for amphetamines or alkaloids) |
| used to alkalinize/ionize weak acids | sodium bicarbnate (used for NSAIDS or phenobarb) |
| enzyme inhibitors | decrease lethal synthesis (cimetidine, chloramphenicol, ketoconizole) |
| enzyme inducers | increase lethal synthesis (phenobarb, rifampin) |
| Why are cats more sensitive than most other species | deficient in glucoronyl transferase, so can't conjugate well |
| drugs with first order kinetics | rate of removal is proportional to concentration, 1/2 life constant |
| drugs with zero order kinetics | rate of elimination is constant no matter the concentration, 1/2 life changes depending on concentration |
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