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Sociology The scientific study of people and behavior in groups Sociological Imagination An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, both today and in the past Emile Durkheim's research on suicide His research suggests that suicide, although it is a solitary act, is related to group life. Religous affiliations had a lower rate; the unmarried had a much higher rate; soldiers were more likely to take their lives; higher rate at times of peace than at time of war; higher rate at times of instability rather than prosperity....reflected the extent to which people were integrated into the group life of the society Funcionalist Perspective Emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability. Auguste Comte Coined the term "sociology" Once the word was coined people had the responsiblity to make the word better; He lived in the 19th century Karl Marx founder of modern communism; He was responsible for the prespective Conflict Interactionist Perspective generalize about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole. The Scientific Method 1) Define the problem-Independant/Dependant Variables 2)Review literature 3)Hypothesis 4) Collect and analze data- survey and questionaire/face to face interview 5) Conclusion Validity the quality of being logically valid Participant Observation a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities Hypothesis a proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations Interview survey method A face to face or telephone questioning of a respondent to obtain desired information Questionnaire survey method A printed or written form used to obtain information from a respospondant Culture The totality oflearned, socially transmitted cutoms, knowledge, material objects, and behavior Cultural Universal A common practice or belief found in every culture Diffusion Process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society Folkway A norm governing everyday behavior whose violation raises comparatively little concern Counter-culture A subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture Ethnocentrism The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. Sub-culture A segment of society that share a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society. Culture Shock The feeling of suprise and disoreintation that people experience when they encounter cultural practices that are different from their own. Cultural relativism The veiwing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture. Agents of Socialization Nature vs Nurture; Charles Horton Cooley-Looking-Glass Self.....socialization provides for the transmission of a culture from on generation to the next***which is very important to children Socialization affects the overall cultural practices of a society; it also shapes the image that we hold or oursleves Charles Horton Cooley He advanced the belief that we learn who we are by interacting with others Impression Management Many of our daily activities, we try to convey distinct impressions of who we are Resocialization process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life Total Institution Regulates all aspects of a person's life under asingle authority, such as a prison, the military, a mental hospital, or convent Role Conflict The situation that occurs when imcompatible expectations arise rom two or more social positions held by the same person Organic solidarity Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from people needing others to fulfill their jobs; solidarity based on the interdependence brought about by the division of labour Functionalist perspective Emphasizes the way that the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability Ascibed status A person's social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics Achieved status A social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts Master status A status that dominates others and thereby determines a persons general position in society Mcdonaldization of America *Efficiency - the optimal method for accomplishing a task. *Calculability - objective should be quantifiable (e.g., sales) rather than subjective (e.g., taste). *Predictability - standardized and uniform services. "Predictability" means that no matter where a person goes, they will receive the same service and receive the same product every time when interacting with the McDonaldized organization. *Control - standardized and uniform employees, replacement of human by non-human technologies Secondary Group a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity Reference group A group in society that influences an individual's purchasing behavior Formal Organizations Millitary, schools, government, boy scouts ect. are examples of what? Peter Principle Being promoted to a level of being incompetant. Characteristics of bureaucracy does not create policy but, rather, enacts it. Law, policy, and regulation normally originates from a leadership The iron law of oligarchy many are ruled by the few Primary Group a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships loyality is established...personal relationships are formed Functionalist Persective on media functions and dysfunctions Function of media; informs us, educate-socialize,promote cunsuption, entertain, enforces norms, unifing, promotes cohesion.... The conflict perspective on mass media Stereotyping occurs in the media, we are only getting certain information that "gatekeepers" allow us as an audience to have, people are ingnored within the media..EX: girls sports, asian people, etc. also Narcotizing Narcotizing dysfunction the phenomenon in which the media provide such massive amounts of coverage that the audience becomes numb and fails to act on the information, regardless of how compelling the issue. Gatekeeping function Filtering what information the audience recieve and how we get it, also filters the information that the audience does not recieve. Socializing function Mass media provides a problem by showing Sex and inmoral acts within the media being presented. Interationist Perspective Media shapes day-to-day social behavior. Consumes time. Babysits kids. New forms of Communication