TEAS Test Science
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Created by:
xkmp on June 30, 2010
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Teas V 🔬 Review, MA / Teas test, HESI A2, HESI admission test
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216 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Nucleus | a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction. |
| DNA | a long linear polymer, in nucleus, formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix, contains info that determines inherited characteristics |
| RNA | a long linear polymer of nucleotides, in nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes, ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that plays an important role in the production of proteins |
| plasma (cell) membrane | Phospholipid bi-layer containing cholesterol and proteins. Receptors for communication; regulates movement into and out of the cell. AKA semipermeable membrane. |
| cytoplasm | fluid matrix found between the plasma membrane and the nucleus that acts as scaffolding for the organelles. |
| organelles | can act as a storage site, process energy, move materials, or manufacture substances |
| ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work, a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue, the chemical a cell uses to store and transfer energy within itself. |
| ribosomes | site of protein synthesis in the cell. |
| endoplasmic reticulum | the means for transport within the cell, serves to store and deliver the proteins made by the attached ribosomes. storage of enzymes and minerals and the folding of proteins. it is thought to be involved in the detoxification of chemicals and the metabolism of fats. |
| Cell Division/DNA | DNA is found in the nucleus in the form of chromatin and chromosomes. when a cell is not dividing, DNA is found in the form of loosely structured chromatin. but when a cell is dividing the DNA is seen in condensed rod-shaped bodies called chromosomes. |
| chromatin | substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins, consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins. |
| chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA bonded to various proteins and that carries the genes determining heredity. |
| mitosis | cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes, or the doubling of the chromosomes prior to division. occurs in both plant and animal cells. |
| meiosis | cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms. consists of a doubling of chromosomes and then two subsequent divisions. Thus the products are four "daughter cells" each with half the normal number of chromosomes. |
| taxonomy | The scientific classification of organisms into specially named groups based either on shared characteristics or on evolutionary relationships as inferred from the fossil record or established by genetic analysis. |
| Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus or species | the major taxonomic group of animals and plants: Dog: Animal > Chordata > Mammal > Carnivore > Canidae > Canis > Canis Familiaris |
| allele | homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative TRAITS |
| dominance | An organism with a dominant allele for a particular form of a trait will always exhibit that form of the trait. (ex. Bb ---The big B would be dominant |
| phenotype | what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype |
| genotype | a group of organisms sharing a specific genetic constitution |
| independent assortment | the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes |
| codominance | situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism |
| heterozygote | consists of one dominant and one recessive trait |
| homozygote | an individual which contains only one allele at the allelic pair; ex DD is Homozygous dominant and dd is homozygous recessive |
| autosome | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| nucleotide | The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. |
| deoxyribose | a sugar that is a constituent of nucleic acids |
| uracil | a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine |
| phosphate group | A functional group important in energy transfer (ATP and ADP). |
| transcription | the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA |
| messenger RNA (m-RNA) | RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell, the form of RNA that carries information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome sites of protein synthesis in the cell |
| transfer RNA (t-RNA) | RNA in the cytoplasm that carries an amino acid to the ribosome and adds it to the growing protein chain, |
| nitrogenous base | an organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA |
| hydrolysis | a chemical reaction in which water reacts with a compound to produce other compounds |
| enzymes | proteins that act as biological catalysts |
| protease | any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis |
| amylase | any of a group of proteins found in saliva and pancreatic juice and parts of plants, breaks the chemical bonds in starches |
| sucrase | an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose |
| maltase | a digestive enzyme that breaks maltose into glucose |
| glucose | the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. |
| proteases | Enzymes that continue the breakdown of polypeptides in the small intestine. |
| amino acids | simple forms of protein normally used to build tissues or, under some conditions, burned for energy, |
| fatty acid | any of a class of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that form part of a lipid molecule and can be derived from fat by hydrolysis |
| glycerol | a sweet syrupy trihydroxy alcohol obtained by saponification of fats and oils |
| lipase | an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream |
| diastole | the widening of the chambers of the heart between two contractions when the chambers fill with blood, relaxation phase of the heartbeat |
| plasma | colorless watery fluid of blood and lymph containing no cells and in which erythrocytes and leukocytes and platelets are suspended |
| aerobic respiration | the process in which pyruvic acid is broken down and NADH is used to make a large amount of ATP; the part of respiration that is carried out in the presence of oxygen |
| anaerobic respiration | the process by which cells obtain energy from an energy source without using oxygen |
| lactic acid | when a muscle continues to burn sugar but doesn't have enough oxygen do it properly and becomes sore |
| thymus | a ductless glandular organ at the base of the neck that produces lymphocytes and aids in producing immunity |
| sodium | a silvery soft waxy metallic element of the alkali metal group |
| potassium | a light soft silver-white metallic element of the alkali metal group, needed for proper muscle function |
| interneuron | nerve cell located entirely in the central nervous system that integrates sensory information and sends motor commands |
| central nervous system (CNS) | the brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body |
| hormone | the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect |
| pituitary gland | the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands, the master gland of the endocrine system |
| thyroid gland | located near the base of the neck, produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth, large gland in the front of the neck, it secretes hormones which regulate growth and metabolism |
| parathyroid gland | any one of four endocrine glands situated above or within the thyroid gland |
| adrenal gland | either of a pair of complex endocrine glands situated near the kidney |
| growth-stimulating hormone | a pituitary hormone, widespread effects, stimulates growth of long bones, target to All body tissue and effect to Stimulates growth hormone and repair |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | initiates growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone | causes thyroid gland cells to secrete T3 and T4; stimulates thyroid growth |
| thyroxin | hormone produced by the thyroid glands to regulate metabolism by controlling the rate of oxidation in cells |
| parathormone | hormone synthesized and released into the blood stream by the parathyroid glands |
| adrenaline | a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress (trade name Adrenalin) |
| cortisone | a corticosteroid hormone (trade name Cortone Acetate) normally produced by the adrenal cortex |
| insulin | Hormone produced by the pancreas that is released when stimulated by elevated glucose levels. This hormone decreases blood sugar levels by accelerating the transport of glucose into the body cells where it is oxidized for energy or converted to glycogen or fat for storage. |
| glucagon | The antagonist of insulin. Its release is stimulated by low blood glucose levels. It stimulates the liver, its primary target organ, to break down its glycogen stores to glucose and subsequently to release glucose to the blood. |
| estrogen | a general term for female steroid sex hormones that are secreted by the ovary and responsible for typical female sexual characteristics |
| progesterone | a steroid hormone (trade name Lipo-Lutin) produced in the ovary |
| osteocytes | Mature cells, develop from osteoblasts, control day-to-day activities (each occupies a lacuna, a pocket sandwiched between layers of matrix |
| zygomatic | of or relating to the cheek region of the face |
| gamete | a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes |
| monoploid | of a cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes |
| diploid | an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number |
| rod cells | work best in dim light and enable you to see black, white, and shades of gray |
| cone cells | work best in bright light and enable you to see colors |
| matter | anything that has mass and takes up space |
| atomic number | the order of an element in Mendeleyev's table of the elements, number of protons |
| mass number | the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus |
| isotope | one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons |
| atomic mass | the mass (in atomic mass units) of an isotope of an element |
| ion | a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative) |
| cation | a positively charged ion |
| anion | a negatively charged ion |
| valence electron | an electron in the outer shell of an atom which can combine with other atoms to form molecules |
| periodic table | a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements according to atomic number as based on the periodic law |
| metal | a mixture containing two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolving into each other when molten |
| metalloid | of or being a nonmetallic element that has some of the properties of metal |
| nonmetal | a chemical element lacking typical metallic properties |
| noble gas | any of the chemically inert gaseous elements of the helium group in the periodic table |
| substance | that which has mass and occupies space |
| radio-isotope | a radioactive isotope of an element |
| octet rule | atoms react by gaining or losing electrons so as to acquire the stable electron structure of a noble gas, usually eight valence electrons |
| ionic bond | a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains to electron to form a negative ion |
| lewis electron dot diagram | the representation of an atom, ion or molecule, in which the element symbols stand for the nucleus and all inner level electrons while dots stand for outer level electrons |
| covalent bond | a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule |
| nonpolar covalent bond | a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of electrical charge |
| polar covalent bond | A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. |
| dipole | a pair of equal and opposite electric charges or magnetic poles separated by a small distance |
| element | any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter |
| compound | (chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight |
| solid | matter with a definite shape and volume |
| melting | the process whereby heat changes something from a solid to a liquid |
| evaporation | the process of extracting moisture |
| vapor pressure | the pressure exerted by a vapor |
| condensation | the process of changing from a gaseous to a liquid or solid state |
| freezing | the withdrawal of heat to change something from a liquid to a solid |
| sublimation | (chemistry) a change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid |
| homogeneous mixture | a mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances |
| solvent | a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances |
| solute | the dissolved substance in a solution |
| tincture | (pharmacology) a medicine consisting of an extract in an alcohol solution |
| chromatography | a process used for separating mixtures by virtue of differences in absorbency |
| heterogeneous mixture | a mixture in which different materials can be distinguished easily |
| emulsion | (chemistry) a colloid in which both phases are liquids |
| solubility | the quantity of a particular substance that can dissolve in a particular solvent (yielding a saturated solution) |
| distillation | a process used to separate dissolved solids from a liquid, which is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid |
| chemical change | (chemistry) any process determined by the atomic and molecular composition and structure of the substances involved |
| physical change | a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition |
| reaction | (chemistry) a process in which one or more substances are changed into others |
| reactant | a chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction |
| product | a chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction |
| acid | compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution |
| base | the principal ingredient of a mixture |
| ph scale | (chemistry) p(otential of) H(ydrogen), measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14 |
| indicator | (chemistry) a substance that changes color to indicate the presence of some ion or substance |
| decomposition reactions | when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions. |
| synthesis (combination) reactions | two or more simple substances are combined to form one new or more complex substance, Involve 2 or more reactants that combine to create a new product. 2H2 + O2 >>> 2H2O |
| single replacement reactions | an element replaces an element in another compound (AB+C -> CB+A) |
| double displacement reactions | Two compounds exchange ions to form 2 or more new compounds. Occur if precipitate, gas, or molecular substance (water) forms. Most common forms are 1) Precipitation, 2) Acid-Base neutralization reactions. |
| acid-base reaction | When an acid and base mix together, neutralize one another properties, and form a salt. |
| neutralization reaction | a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base interact with the formation of a salt |
| activation energy | the energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process (such as an emission or reaction) can occur |
| catalyst | (chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected |
| exothermic | (of a chemical reaction or compound) occurring or formed with evolution of heat |
| endothermic | (of a chemical reaction or compound) occurring or formed with absorption of heat |
| equilibrium | a chemical reaction and its reverse proceed at equal rates |
| organic compound | any compound of carbon and another element or a radical |
| hydrocarbon | an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen |
| alcohol | any of a series of volatile hydroxyl compounds that are made from hydrocarbons by distillation |
| aldehyde | any of a class of highly reactive chemical compounds |
| ketone | any of a class of organic compounds having a carbonyl group linked to a carbon atom in each of two hydrocarbon radicals |
| structural formula | an expanded molecular formula showing the arrangement of atoms within the molecule |
| monosaccharide | a sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars |
| disaccharide | any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis |
| polysaccharide | any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules |
| starch | a complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice |
| glycogen | one form in which body fuel is stored, An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch |
| lipid | an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, a fat molecule or a molecule that has similar properties; examples include oils, waxes, and steroids |
| protein | an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells |
| dehydration synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |
| lugol's solution | an indicator that changes color in the presence of starch |
| benedict's solution | a chemical indicator that, when added to a solution and heated, changes from blue to light green to red in the presence of increasing concentrations of sugar |
| conservation of momentum | the principle that the total linear momentum in a closed system is constant and is not affected by processes occurring inside the system |
| vector | a variable quantity that can be resolved into components |
| newton's first law | an object at rest will stay at rest, an object that is moving will stay moving unless disturbed by an un balanced force. |
| inertia | a disposition to remain inactive or inert |
| newton's second law | When an object is acted on by one or more outside forces, the total force is equal to the mass of the object times the resulting acceleration., Force=Mass x Acceleration |
| newton's third law | for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
| energy | (physics) the capacity of a physical system to do work |
| kenetic energy | the energy of motion, used to do work |
| potential energy | the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its position |
| joule | a unit of electrical energy equal to the work done when a current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second, English physicist who established the mechanical theory of heat and discovered the first law of thermodynamics (1818-1889) |
| atom | (physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element |
| kinetic theory of matter | the idea that all matter is made up of tiny particles in constant motion |
| molecules | The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms; a group of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces |
| boyle's law | The relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature; when volume increase, pressure decreases. |
| charle's law | the physical law that the volume of a fixed mass of gas held at a constant pressure varies directly with the absolute temperature |
| specific heat | the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree centigrade |
| phase change | a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition |
| latent heat | heat absorbed or radiated during a change of phase at a constant temperature and pressure |
| celsius | Metric unit for measuring temperature; On this scale water freezes at zero and boils at 100. |
| kelvin | the basic unit of thermodynamic temperature adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites, British physicist who invented the Kelvin scale of temperature and pioneered undersea telegraphy (1824-1907) |
| fahrenheit | A temperature scale with the freezing point of water 32 degrees and the boiling point of 212 degrees is also known as, German physicist who invented the mercury thermometer and developed the scale of temperature that bears his name (1686-1736) |
| ice point | The temperature at which ice melts or water freezes, Fahrenheit 32..... celsius 0..... kelvin 273.... |
| steam point | The point at which water at standard pressure boils |
| triple point | the temperature and pressure conditions at which the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of a substance coexist at equilibrium |
| absolute zero | (cryogenics) the lowest temperature theoretically attainable (at which the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules is minimal) |
| hertz | the unit of frequency, German physicist who with James Franck proved the existence of the stationary energy states postulated by Bohr (1887-1975) |
| resonance | a vibration of large amplitude produced by a relatively small vibration near the same frequency of vibration as the natural frequency of the resonating system |
| photon | a quantum of electromagnetic radiation |
| electromagnetic spectrum | arrangement of electromagnetic radiation--including radio waves, visible light from the Sun, gamma rays, X rays, ultraviolet waves, infrared waves, and microwaves--according to their wavelengths |
| doppler effect | change in the apparent frequency of a wave as observer and source move toward or away from each other |
| neutron | an elementary particle with 0 charge and mass about equal to a proton |
| proton | a stable particle with positive charge equal to the negative charge of an electron |
| electron | an elementary particle with negative charge |
| coulomb's law | The relationship among electrical force, charges, and distance: The electrical force between two charges varies directly as the product of the charges and inversely as the square of the distance between them. |
| magnetism | the force of repulsion (pushing) or attraction (pulling) between poles of magnets |
| magnetic fields | the alignment of iron minerals in rock show that earth's what has reversed over time |
| electrical potential energy | the ability to move an electric charge from one point to another |
| potential difference | the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts |
| transformer | an electrical device by which alternating current of one voltage is changed to another voltage |
| generator | engine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction |
| voltage | the rate at which energy is drawn from a source that produces a flow of electricity in a circuit |
| voltmeter | meter that measures the potential difference between two points |
| current | dominant course (suggestive of running water) of successive events or ideas |
| ammeter | a meter that measures the flow of electrical current in amperes |
| resistor | an electrical device that resists the flow of electrical current |
| series circuit | a circuit having its parts connected serially |
| ampere | the basic unit of electric current adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites, a former unit of electric current (slightly smaller than the SI ampere), n. The practical unit of electric-current strength. |
| parallel circuit | a closed circuit in which the current divides into two or more paths before recombining to complete the circuit |
| power | (physics) the rate of doing work |
| watt | a unit of power equal to 1 joule per second |
| mass defect | the amount by which the mass of an atomic nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of its constituent particles |
| radioactivity | the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay |
| transmutation | (physics) the change of one chemical element into another (as by nuclear decay or radioactive bombardment) |
| nuclear reaction | (physics) a process that alters the energy or structure or composition of atomic nuclei |
| fusion | the act of fusing (or melting) together |
| fission | a nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy |
| quantum mechanics | the branch of quantum physics that accounts for matter at the atomic level |
| theory of relativity | (physics) the theory that space and time are relative concepts rather than absolute concepts |
| Systole | Contraction phase of the heart. |
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