The Secrets of Learning and Memory Chapter 10
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40 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Emotion | Involving: physiological responses, overt behaviors, conscious feelings. Emotions are innate (nature), but the way we appropriately display them differs by culture (nurture). |
| Function of Emotions | Organize the body's resources to respond to important situations. |
| Arousal | Bodily responses that prepare to face threat (fight/flight): increased heart rate, blood flow to muscles, respiration; decreased digestion, immune function. |
| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) | Regulates internal body environment (functioning of heart, stomach etc.) Includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Fight or flight system; controls the body when aroused by fear, excitement. |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Rest and digest system; controls the body when resting. |
| ANS sends signals to ___ which secrete stress hormones: | Adrenal glands |
| Epinephrine (adrenaline) | Quickly increases heart rate, respiration, blood pressure. |
| Glucocorticoids (including cortisol) | Turns immune activity down (allows body's energy to be used for other things, such as running away from a lion). |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | Brain (control system) ans spinal cord (connects brain and PNS). |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | Includes somatic and autonomic servous systems; connects CNS to organs and limbs. |
| Somatic Nervous System | Pathway for incoming sensory input and outgoing neural commands to skeletal muscles |
| James-Lange theory of emotion | Emotional stimulus --> bodily response (arousal) --> conscious emotional feelings. See bear --> jump --> feel fear. |
| Modern Emotional Theory | See bear --> jump --> interpret the bear as a threat --> feel fear. |
| Mood-Congruency of Memory | It is easier to retrieve memories that match our current mood (people who are sad are more likely to remember sad things). |
| Flashbulb Memories | Emotional event memory is quickly formed and vividly recalled but can be majorly distorted after a few years. |
| Conditioned Avoidance | Learner increases responses (actions) to avoid danger. |
| Learned Helplessness | Exposure to uncontrollable punisher teaches expectation that response is ineffectual. |
| Brain Substrates Involved in the Papez Circuit | Posits hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex. |
| Limbic System | Involved in emotion; hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, mammillary body of the thalamus. |
| Amygdala | Central processing station for emotions |
| Lateral Nucleus of the Amygdala | Entry point for sensory information from the thalamus and cortex to the amygdala. |
| Central Nucleus of the Amygdala | Sends info to ANS (physiological responses(arousal and stress hormone release)) and motor areas (behavioral responses (freezing, startle)). |
| Basolateral Nucleus of the Amygdala | Sends info to the basal ganglia, hippocampus and cortex to modulate memory storage and retrieval. |
| Amygdala lesions in humans limit ___ and ___ of new emotional responses: | -Learning -Display (expression) |
| What are the 2 pathways for emotional learning in the amygdala? | 1. Direct thalamic-amygdala path- for emergencies; faster, less detailed; activates fight-or-flight. 2. Indirect thalamus-cortical-amygdala path for mindful analysis- finer discrimination of stimulus detail; allows termination of fear response |
| Learning CS-US association may take place in ___ of amygdala: | Lateral nucleus |
| Epinephrine stimulates the ___ nuclei to produce ___, which, in turn, stimulates the ___ in amygdala to strengthen memory storage: | -Brainstem nuclei -Norepinephrine -Basolateral nucleus |
| ___ contributes to encoding and retrieval of the learning context (environmental cues). | Hippocampal region |
| Patient with ___ learned to respond to a colored shape as a cue for a loud noise, but could NOT remember. In contrast, patient with ___ could not learn the CR, but could remember. | -Hippocampal lesion (HL) -Amygdala lesion (AL) |
| Medial prefrontal cortex facilitates: (3) | -Interpretation of sensory input -Modulation of situational emotional reactions -Helps us interpret and appropriately respond to emotional stimuli |
| T/F: Low levels of stress can improve memory. | True. Mild stress can lead moderate arousal. |
| T/F: Chronic high stress and arousal can improve memory. | False. Chronic stress can impair recall and encoding of memories. Stress hormones may overexcite the hippocampus. |
| Amygdala modulation of ___ and ___ may account for the strength of emotional memories. | -Hippocampal -Cortical storage |
| Phobia | Overwhelming, irrational fear of a thing, place or situation; arises from classical conditioning; interfere with daily life. |
| Systematic Desensitization | A therapy for phobias that involves introducing the fear gradually to the patient while relaxed. Eventually the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits reaction. |
| Anxiety Heirarchy | Least fearful (picture of object) to most fearful (holding/touching object). This can take time but is long-lasting. |
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Obsessive thoughts, nightmares, or flashbacks persist long after exposure to the traumatic event. May involve overactive stress hormones. |
| Physiology behind PTSD | Cortical levels remain low and persistent. Epinephrine release may not correspond with cortisol release, so fear response lasts longer. |
| Individuals with PTSD typically have (smaller/larger) hippocampal volumes: | Smaller. |
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