| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Sub-Saharan Africa . | The land south of the Sahara Desert in Africa that includes some of the world’s richest mineral deposits and fertile land. |
| Straits of Hormuz | A narrow body of water linking the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman causing a choke point. |
| 1215 | The year the Magna Carta, the cornerstone of English justice and law was signed |
| Popular Sovereignty | The concept that political power rests with the people who create and can alter or abolish government. |
| Separation of Powers . | Organization of government whichinto three branches – legislative, executive and judicial; proposed by Montesquieu |
| Nullification Crisis | prelude to the Civil War. South Carolina believed a State had the power to override the Federal (National) Government |
| Renaissance | Rebirth of ideas, art, and architecture of the Greeks and Romans |
| Civil War | U.S. was divided over the issues of states rights and slavery |
| Latitude | flat - horizontal lines on a map |
| Longitude | up and down – vertical lines on a map |
| Humanism | Renaissance Value that humans are important. It shifted the focus from the after life (religion) to a person’s life on earth |
| Migration | movement of people from on country or location to another |
| Printing Press | Machine that allowed text to be mass produced which allowed the spreading of ideas |
| Barriers | Thes slow down movement/migration |
| Natural Barriers | mountains, deserts and oceans |
| Diffusion/spatial exchange (cultural diffusion) | the spread of ideas, people and places to new places |
| International Trade | exchange of goods and ideas (commerce) between the new nations and different parts of the world expanded |
| States Rights | issue of the Civil War. South believed the States had more power than the Federal Government |
| Canals | artificial waterway for navigation, irrigation |
| Straits | a narrow passage of water connecting two large bodies of water |
| Protestant Reformation | movement that began to correct problem in the Roman Catholic Church. It caused a split and the development of Protestant Churches |
| Abraham Lincoln | President of the United States during the Civil War |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Statement made by Abraham Lincoln which essentially freed the slaves |
| Panama Canal | water way through Panama that shortens the distance by water from East coast of the US to the West Coast |
| 95 Theses | Martin Luther’s ideas that he posted on the chuch door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation |
| Suez Canal | water way through Egypt that connect the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea |
| Indulgences | pardon for sin. Martin Luther questioned the churches authority to pardon sin and especially the idea that you could buy the pardon |
| Secularism | belief in worldly rather than spiritual ideas |
| Irrigation Canals | technology used by early farmers to get water to the crops |
| Schism | split in the church |
| The Senate | Part of the Legislative Branch whose job is to makes the Laws |
| Subsistence agriculture | having just enough food to survive with very little left over |
| Scientific Revolution | surge in scientific discovery in Europe |
| Mesoamerica civilizations | developed complex societies such as Maya and Aztec |
| Traditional economy | basic economy that was used in early farming and hunting and gathering societies |
| Age of Exploration & Colonization | Europeans explored and conquered much of the world. Goal was to find trade route to Asia |
| Andean civilization | developed complex societies such as the Inca |
| Cottage industry | making goods out of the home |
| Imperialism | strong nations seek to dominate other countries (territories) politically, economically, or socially |
| Industrial Revolution | shift from agriculture to industry (commercial industry) mass production of goods. It also led to the growth of cities and global trade |
| Bartering | trading goods or services for other goods or services |
| Columbian Exchange | transfer of plants, animals, disease, and cultures between Europe, Asia and Africa (Old World) and North and South America (New World). It started with Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492 |
| Commercial Agriculture | mass production of food |
| Famine | extreme hunger and scarcity of food |
| Subsistence economy | similar to traditional economy and associated with subsistence agriculture |
| Factory System | the production of goods in a factory through the use of machines and a large number of workers |
| Standard of living | quality of life, such as housing, health, education |
| Atlantic Slave Trade | millions of Africans were enslaved and transported across the Atlantic Ocean to work on plantations in the Americas and Caribbean region |
| Communism/Command Economy | an economic system in which all means of production are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally |
| Magnetic Compass | Chinese invention that helped make sea travel across the Atlantic Ocean possible |
| Absolute Monarchy | king/queen who has unlimited power |
| Capitalism/Market Economy | an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit (money) |
| Enlightenment | 18th century European movement that applied reason to all aspects of society and help changed government |
| John Locke | Proposed the ideas of natural rights – life liberty, property |
| Cuneiform | writing system in the Fertile Crescent/Mesopotamia |
| Karl Marx | economic thinker that developed communism |
| ziggurats | Temples in the Fertile Crescent/Mesopotamia |
| Montesquieu | Proposed that a government should have 3 branches |
| Adam Smith | economic thinker that supported capitalism |
| Fertile Crescent | early river valley civilization located in modern day Iraq on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers |
| Natural Rights / Individual Rights | Life, Liberty, property or Life, Liberty, the Pursuit of Happiness |
| Cotton Gin | invented by Eli Whitney it removed the seeds from cotton quicker than by hand which helped increase production |
| Henry Ford | He created the first assembly line used for manufacturing of automobiles |
| Urban | This is also referred to as a city |
| Hammurabi | Mesopotamian king who created the first written law code |
| Glorious/Bloodless Revolution | England’s overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of a constitutional monarchy (representative government) |
| English Bill of Rights | guaranteed/protected basic rights of the English citizens and foundation for US Bill of Rights |
| Silk Road | trade route that went from China to the Middle East and into Europe – called the Silk Road b/c of the Silk only coming from China |
| Constitutional Monarchy | rulers power is limited by law – Great Britain’s current form of government since Glorious Revolution |
| Industrialized | having industries for the machine production of goods |
| Labor force | people in a society that are willing and able to work |
| Representative democracy | citizens vote for representatives who make and enforce the laws. US form of government |
| Demographics | statistical data of a population like – GDP per capita, Life Expectance, Literacy Rate, Infant mortality, ethnicity, religion etc |
| Founding of Jamestown | 1607 first colony in America. Established representative government based on the British system of government |
| Literacy Rate | percent of people in a country that can read and write |
| Infant Mortality | average number of children that die by the age of 5 |
| Life Expectancy | average number of years people live |
| Per Capita Income | average income per person |
| Theocracy | government where the religious leader run the government |
| Monotheism | belief in one god |
| Polytheism | belief in many gods |
| Declaration of Independence | sent to Britain (George III) with the grievances the Colonist had with England and why they were going to become their own Nation |
| Thomas Jefferson | He wrote the Declaration of Independence, was the 3rd president of the U.S.A. and made the Louisiana purchase |
| Oligarchy | government ruled by a few powerful people |
| George Washington | He was commander of the Continental Army, defeated Cornwallis at the Battle Yorktown, and 1st president of the U.S. A. |
| Articles of Confederation | US first plan of government that failed because of the weak central (national) government |
| Federalist | supporters of the Constitution. They favored a strong national government. |
| Nationalism | pride in ones country |
| Federalist Papers | Articles published to get support for the Constitution. |
| Self Determination | right of groups of people to create their own nation |
| Direct Democracy | government where citizens vote directly on laws – ex: Athens |
| Anti-Federalist | opposed to the Constitution because it gave too much power to the national government and not enough to the states. They also wanted individual rights protected |
| Republic | government were citizens elect representatives ex: Rome Greece |
| Draco | Greek reformer who wrote a harch law code |
| Totalitarianism | A form of government that controls every aspect of public and private life. EX: Hitler in Germany |
| 1791 | Year that the first 10 amendments to the Constitution were made which protected the rights of individuals from abuses of the national government |
| Justinian | Emporer of the Byzantine Empire who wrote a law code |
| Middle Ages | period in Europe that began after the fall of the Roman Empire Characterized by feudalism, Roman Catholic Church was the unifier of the age with more power than Kings/Lords |
| Federalism | division of power between the national (federal) and state governments – ex.: national gov’t coins money and the state gov’t cannot |
| 1066 | Battle of Hastings – centralized government |
| Limited Government | restrictions on the powers the government has like states cannot create money |
| Iron Curtain | Term used to describe the division between Western (democratic) Europe and Eastern (communist) Europe |
| Republicanism | The form of government where people elect representatives the create and enforce laws |
| Crusaders | Christian warriors sent to regain the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims that controlled |
| Checks and Balances | each branch of government has a way to restrict/check the actions of the other 2 branches |
| Cathedrals | Gothic Architecture used to show religious spirit during the Middle Ages |
| Magna Carta | law code signed by King John of England that limited his power and was the first time for limited government |
| Bubonic Plague | disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism |
| Inalienable/Unalienable | Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness same as natural or individual rights |
| Winston Churchill | Leader of Great Britain in WWII who coined the phrase Iron Curtain |
Combine with other sets
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