| Term | Definition |
|---|
| John Adams | said, "The Revolution was effected before the war commenced. The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people...This radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the peoplej was the real American Revolution." |
| John Quincy Adams | secretary of state under Monroe; deftly negotiated a number of treaties that fixed U.S. borders, opened new territories, and acquired Florida from the Spanish |
| Jane Addams | founded Hull House |
| American Antislavery Society | n abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. Frederick Douglass was a key leader of the society and often spoke at its meetings |
| American Federation of Labor | only skilled workers, led by Gompers, focused on "bread and butter" issues |
| American Protective Association | an American anti-Catholic society (similar to the Know Nothings) that was founded on March 13, 1887 by Attorney Henry F. Bowers in Clinton, Iowa |
| Susan B. Anthony | led the fight for women's suffrage, convincing Congress to introduce a suffrage amendment to the Consitution |
| Antimasonic Party | a 19th century minor political party in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry, and was founded as a single-issue party, aspiring to become a major party |
| Chester Arthur | president during Gilded Age |
| Elizabeth Blackwell | an abolitionist, women's rights activist, and the first female doctor in the United States |
| John Brown | led a raid on a proslavery camp, murdering five; raided Harper's Ferry |
| William Jennings Bryan | backed by Populists in 1896 presidential election |
| Jame Buchanan | had been out of the country for 4 years when elected president in 1856 |
| Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce | the chief of the Wal-lam-wat-kain (Wallowa) band of Nez Perce Indians during General Oliver O. Howard's attempt to forcibly remove his band and the other "non-treaty" Indians to a reservation in Idaho. For his principled resistance to the removal, he became renowned as a humanitarian and peacemaker |
| Civil Service Commission | created by Pendleton Act to oversee examinations for potential government employees |
| Committees of Correspondence | groups throughout the colonies that traded ideas and apprised each other of the political mood |
| Coxey's Army | a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time |
| Eugene V. Debs | led Socialists |
| Thomas A. Edison | inventor |
| Emerson and Thoreau | transcendentalists |
| Millard Fillmore | the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office |
| First Continental Congress | all colonies except Georgia attended in 1774 |
| Free-Soil Party | a regional, single-issue party devoted to the goals of the Wilmot Proviso |
| Robert Fulton | inventor of steamboat |
| James Garfield | president during Gilded Age |
| Citizen Edmond Genet | visited America to seek its assistance in the French Revolution |
| George III | new kin, felt that the colonists should help pay the debt from the Seven Years' War |
| Samuel Gompers | led the AFL, concentrated on "bread and butter" issues |
| The Grange movement | cooperatives, with the purpose of allowing farmers to buy machinery and sell crops as a group and, therefore, reap the benefits of economies of scale |
| Ulysses S. Grant | corrupt administration |
| Greenback Party | The party opposed the shift from paper money back to a specie-based monetary system because it believed that privately owned banks and corporations would then reacquire the power to define the value of products and labor. Conversely, they believed that government control of the monetary system would allow it to keep more currency in circulation, as it had in the war |
| Benjamin Harrison | president during Gilded Age |
| William Henry Harrison | the first Whig president |
| Rutherford B. Hayes | elected president in 1876 |
| William Randolph Hearst | helped newspaper industry grow with yellow journalism |
| Andrew Jackson | popular president who believed in universal manhood suffrage |
| Thomas Jefferson | wrote the Declaration of Independence; Secretary of State under Washington |
| Andrew Johnson | Lincoln's vice-president; opposed secession and strongly supported Lincoln during his first term |
| Knights of Labor | one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories |
| Know-Nothing (American) Party | met privately and remained secretive about their political agenda, rallied around a single issue: hatred of foreigners |
| Ku Klux Klan | targeted those who supported Reconstruction; it attacked and often murdered scalawags, black and white Republican leaders, community activists, and teachers |
| Liberty Party | The party was an early advocate of the abolitionist cause. It broke away from the American Anti-Slavery Society due to grievances with William Lloyd Garrison's leadership |
| Abraham Lincoln | 40% of popular vote; over 50% of electoral vote |
| Alfred Thayer Mahan (author, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History) | His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I |
| Horace Mann | instrumental in pushing for public education and education reform in general |
| William McKinley | pro-business, his assassination made Theodore Roosevelt president |
| James Monroe | president who wanted Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere |
| Mormon Church | founded by Joseph Smith, moved to Salt Lake City |
| National Labor Union | first national labor federation in the United States |
| Thomas Paine | English printer who advocated colonial independence and argued for the merits of republicanism over monarchy |
| Franklin Pierce | moderate, elected president after publishing of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" |
| James Polk | a Democrat expansionist who ran against Henry Clay in 1844: "54 40 or fight", Mexican-American War |
| Populist Party/Platform | farmers' movement: government ownership of railroads and telegraphs, a graduated income tax, direct election of U.S. senators, and shorter workdays |
| Joseph Pulitzer | helped newspaper industry grow with yellow journalism |
| Queen Liluokalani/Hawaii | the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii; her government was overthrown by the U.S. |
| Republican Party | dedicated to keeping slavery out of the territories, but they championed a wider range of issues, including the further development of national roads, more liberal land distribution in the West, and increased protective tariffs |
| Rough Riders | the name bestowed by the American press on the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment during the Spanish-American War |
| Second Continental Congress | convened just weeks after the battles of Lexington and Concord. It prepared for war by establishing a Continental Army, printing money, and creating government offices to supervise policy. |
| Seventh Day Adventist Church | a Protestant Christian denomination which is distinguished mainly by its observance of Saturday, the "seventh day" of the week, as the Sabbath; established in 1863 with Ellen G. White as one of its founders |
| Shakers | utopian group that splintered from the Quakers, believed that they and all other churches had grown too interested in this world and neglectful of their afterlives; no sex |
| Sons of Liberty | group who protested the Stamp Act |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | one of the leader's of the women's rights movement |
| Zachary Taylor | Whig military hero, elected president |
| Frederick Jackson Turner (author of The Significance of the Frontier in American History) | announced that the frontier was gone, and with it the first period of American history |
| Nat Turner | led violent slave uprising, caused passage of black codes |
| "Boss" Tweed | an American politician who was convicted for stealing over 100 million dollars from New York City taxpayers through political corruption; head on Tammany Hall |
| Martin Van Buren | became president as the country was entering the Panic of 1837; made the situation worse by continuing Jackson's policy of favoring hard currency |
| Booker T. Washington | promoted economic independence as the means by which blacks could improve their lot |
| George Washington | led a colonial contingent that attacked a French outpost and lost badly, but welcomed as a hero in Virginia; first president |
| Whig Party | a loose coalition that shared one thing in common: opposition to one or more of the Democrats' policies |
| Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) | spearheaded the crusade for prohibition |
| Workingmen's Party | the first Marxist-influenced political party in the United States |
Combine with other sets
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