Chapter four
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maddiwithdreams on July 12, 2010
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192 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 chromatin | structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins |
| chromosome | threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule that carries hereditary information encoded in genes |
| cytoplasm | jellylike substance found within the cell membrane composed of proteins, salts, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients |
| DNA | molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides |
| diaphragm | muscular wall that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity |
| metabolism | sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism |
| organelle | cellular structure that provides a specialized function |
| pathology | study of the nature of diseases, their causes, development, and consequences |
| peristalsis | rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the walls of a tubular organ to propel its contents onward |
| cytology | the study of the body at the cellular level |
| epithelial tissue | covers surfaces of organs, lines cavities, and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides the secreting portions of glands, and makes up the epidermis of the skin |
| connective tissue | supports and connects other tissues and organs |
| muscle tissue | provides the contractile tissue of the body |
| nervous tissue | transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body |
| anatomical position | body is erect, eyes are looking forward, upper limbs hang to the sides, with the palms facing forward, lower limbs are parallel, toes pointing straight |
| midsagittal (median) | right and left |
| coronal (frontal) | anterior and posterior |
| transverse | superior and inferior |
| Dorsal cavity | cranial and spinal |
| cranial | brain |
| spinal | spinal cord |
| spine | cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx |
| cervical | neck |
| thoracic | chest |
| lumbar | lion |
| sacral | lower back |
| coccyx | tailbone |
| ventral | thoracic and abdominopelvic |
| thoracic | heart and lungs |
| abdominopelvic | digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs |
| RUQ | right lobe of liver, gallbladder, part of pancreas, part of small and large intestines |
| LUQ | left lobe of liver, stomach, spleen, part of pancreas, part of small and large intestines |
| RLQ | part of small and large intestines, appendix, right ovary, right fallopian tube, right ureter |
| LLQ | part of small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter |
| left hypochondriac | upper left region beneath the ribs |
| epigastric | region above the stomach |
| right hypochondriac | upper right region beneath the ribs |
| left lumbar | left middle lateral region |
| unbilical | region of the navel |
| right lumbar | right middle lateral region |
| left inguinal (iliac) | left lower lateral region |
| hypogastric | lower middle region beneath the navel |
| right inguinal (iliac) | right lower lateral region |
| abduction | movement away |
| adduction | movement towards |
| medial | pertaining to the midline |
| lateral | pertaining to a side |
| superior (cephalad) | toward the head or upper portion |
| inferior (caudal) | toward the tail |
| proximal | nearer to the center or point of attachment |
| distal | away from the center or point of attachment |
| anterior | front of the body |
| posterior | back of the body |
| parietal | pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity |
| visceral | pertaining to the internal organs |
| prone | lying face down |
| supine | lying face up |
| inversion | turning inward or inside out |
| eversion | turning outward |
| palmer | pertaining to the palm of the hand |
| plantar | pertaining to the sole of the foot |
| superficial | toward the surface of the body or external |
| deep | away from the surface of the body or internal |
| cyt/o | cell |
| hist/o | tissue |
| kary/o, nucle/o | nucleus |
| anter/o | anterior |
| caud/o | tail |
| crani/o | cranium |
| dist/o | far |
| dors/o | back |
| infer/o | below |
| later/o | side |
| medi/o | middle |
| poster/o | back |
| proxim/o | near |
| ventr/o | belly side |
| abdomin/o | abdomen |
| cervic/o | neck |
| gastr/o | stomach |
| ili/o | ilium |
| inguin/o | groin |
| lumb/o | loins |
| pelv/i, pelv/o | pelvis |
| spin/o | spine |
| thorac/o | chest |
| umbilic/o | umbilicus, navel |
| albin/o, leuk/o | white |
| chlor/o | green |
| chrom/o | color |
| cirrh/o, jaund/o, xanth/o | yelllow |
| cyan/o | blue |
| erythr/o | red |
| melan/o | black |
| poli/o | gray |
| acr/o | extremity |
| eti/o | cause |
| idi/o | unknown, peculiar |
| morph/o | form |
| path/o | disease |
| radi/o | radiation |
| somat/o | body |
| son/o | sound |
| viscer/o | internal organs |
| xer/o | dry |
| -genesis | forming, origin |
| -gnosis | knowing |
| -gram | record, writing |
| -graph | instrument for recording |
| -graphy | process of recording |
| -logist | specialist |
| -logy | study of |
| -meter | instrument for measurement |
| -metry | act of measuring |
| -pathy | disease |
| ab- | away |
| ad- | toward |
| hetero- | different |
| homeo- | same |
| infra- | below |
| peri- | around |
| super- | above |
| trans- | through |
| ultra- | beyond |
| signs | indicators |
| symptoms | only patient sees |
| etiology | cause or origin of a disease |
| diagnosis | cause and nature |
| prognosis | prediction of the course and its probable outcome |
| idiopathic | cause is unkown |
| adhesion | abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated |
| analyte | substance analyzed or tested |
| contrast medium | substance injected into the body |
| dehiscence | bursting open of a wound |
| febrile | feverish |
| inflammation | body defense against injury, infection, or allergy |
| morbid | diseased |
| nuclear medicine | radioactive substances for diagnosis, treatment, and research |
| radionuclides | substances that emit radiation spontaneously |
| scan | a computerized image |
| sepsis | pathological state |
| suppurative | producing generation of pus |
| endoscopy | visual exam of a body cavity of canal using specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope |
| laparoscopy | visual exam of the organs of the pelvis and abdomen through very small incisions in the abdominal wall |
| thoracoscopy | exam of the lungs, pleura, and pleural state with a scope inserted through a small incision between the ribs |
| complete blood count | common blood test that enumerates red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets ; measures hemoglobin; estimates red cell volume; sorts white blood cells into five sub types with their percentages |
| urinalysis | common urine screening test that evaluates the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine |
| computed tomography | rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles |
| Doppler | ultrasound used to to detect and measure blood-flow velocity and direction by reflecting sound waves off moving blood cells |
| fluoroscopy | x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays continuous motion images of internal structures |
| magnetic resonance imaging | uses radiowaves and a strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray beam to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images |
| nuclear scan | uses a radioactive material called a tracer that is introduced into the body and a specialized camera to produce images of organs and structures |
| position emission tomography | using computed tomography to record the positrons emitted from a radiopharmaceutical, that produces a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity in body tissues to determine the presence of disease |
| radiography | uses x-rays passed through the body or area and captured on a film |
| SPECT | integrates computed tomography and a radioactive material injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs |
| tomography | produces an image representing a detailed cross-section of an area, tissue, or organ at a predetermined depth |
| ultrasonography | using high frequency sound waves that display the reflected "echoes" on a monitor |
| biopsy | representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination |
| ablation | removal of a part, pathway, or function by surgery |
| anastomosis | surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow form one to another |
| cauterize | destroy tissue by electricity, freezing, heat, or corrosive chemicals |
| currettage | scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette |
| incision and drainage | incision made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of luids from a wound or cavity |
| laser surgery | employing a device that emits intense heat and power at close range to cut, burn, vaporize, or destroy tissues |
| radical dissection | surgical removal of tissue in an extensive area surrounding the surgical site in an attempt to excise all tissue that may be malignant and decrease the chance of recurrence |
| resection | partial excision of a bone, organ, or other structure |
| ant | anterior |
| AP | anteroposterior |
| Bx, bx | biopsy |
| CBC | complete blood count |
| CT | computed tomography |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| DSA | digital subtraction angiography |
| Dx | diagnosis |
| FS | frozen section |
| I&D | incision and drainage |
| LAT, lat | lateral |
| LLQ | lower left quadrant |
| LUQ` | left upper quadrant |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
| PET | positron emission tomography |
| post | posterior |
| RF | rhuematoid factor; radio frequency |
| RLQ | right lower quadrant |
| RUQ | right upper quadrant |
| sono | sonogram |
| SPECT | single photon emission computed tomography |
| Sx | symptom |
| Tx | treatment |
| UA | urinanalysis |
| U&Q, U/L | upper and lower |
| US | ultrasound |
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