60 terms

Terms	Definitions
Economic Interests	Need for raw materials/natural resources ● Desire to expand markets ● Desire to invest capital ● Outlet for products ● Economic strength from IR → need/right to stay economically strong*
Political/Military	● Bases for navy/merchant marine ● National security ● Prestige of global empire* ● Nationalism*
Humanitarian/Religious	● Desire to spread Christianity ● Desire to spread Westernization* ● Social Darwinism* ● Increased European self-confidence*
Technological	● Advanced weaponry ● Advanced overseas travel (steamship) ● Medical advances
Colony	Direct: Mother country exerts direct political control over domestic and political affairs by sending a ruler from mother country(form of imperial control) Indirect: Mother country leaves local ruler in charge but tells them what to do
Protectorate	Local rule controls domestic policy, but imperial rulers dictate foreign policy(form of imperial control)
Sphere of Influence	European country has exclusive trading rights. Purely economic.(form of imperial control)
What led up to WWI?	Militarism- Alliances- Nationalism- Imperialism-
Militarism	● countries glorified war ● soldiers wanted to prove selves ● leaders gained power ● pride of armies ● countries felt that because they were strong they should go to war (military social darwinism)
Alliances	● Bismarck wanted peace to industrialize Germany, so he isolated France, wich he felt was the biggest threat. He did this by forming alliances ○ First the Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary ○ This became the Triple Alliance as they added Italy ○ He made a treaty with Russia in hopes of preventing a two-front war. ● When Kaiser William I died, William II became leader. He forcibly resigned Bismarck and changed the foreign policy. ○ He let the treaty with Russia lapse, allowing France and Russia to ally ● Britain and France formed an entanté (friendship treaty- won't attack, might defend if attacked) ● Britain and France's entanté was joined by Russia
Imperialism	● High tensions between countries over having empires, especially Africa. ● Germany's wanting to spread and industrialization- threatened Britain ● Germany's desire for expansion brought Britain and France together.
Nationalism	● Pan-Slavism- all Slaves looked to each other as sharing a common nationality ● Russia would protect Slavic nations as it was greatest Slavic nation ● Serbia wanted a large Slavic state and had a conflict with Austria-Hungary over Bosnia and Herzegovina territories. ● France wanted revenge for Franco-Prussian war and return of Alsace and Lorraine ● Germany had pride in industrialization and strength
Which countries were involved and why?	Austria saw the assassination of their Archduke as a chance to go to war and expand. After securing their "blank check" of protection frompermission, leading Britain to declare war on Germany, since Belgium had been guaranteed neutrality. Triple Alliance withstanding, Italy remained neutral (and later joined the Allies) since Germany had attacked (so Italy was not required to help them under the terms of the treaty). Germany and Austria-Hungary became the Central powers. The Ottomans joined later. The Triple Entanté became the Allied Powers. Italy and Japan joined later, then the U.S. Germany, they sent an ultimatum to Serbia they knew Serbia would not accept, knowing it would start the war. Serbia looked to the great Slavic power Russia for help. The Russian Czar asked Austria to back down, but they refused. Austria declared war on Serbia and Russia began to mobilize. Germany declared war on Russia. Following the Schlieffen plan, Germany also declared war on France. To attack immediately, they marched through the neutral Belgium without
Schlieffen plan	The German plan to avoid 2-front war. They assumed that Russia would be slow to mobilize, so they planned to quickly attack and beat France while Russia would be mobilizing, then fight on the Russian front. They had to march through Belgium to enact this plan.
What was trench warfare like?	This was the main type of warfare used. Soldiers dug trenches on either side of "no-man's-land". They took turns going "over the top" and trying to take each other's trenches, but the enemy solders were able to gun them down from inside the trenches, creating a stalemate. Soldiers also lobbed shells and gas bombs across the trenches from one another
What happened on each front?	West (Britain, France, U.S. vs. Germany in France) was a stalemate East (Germany vs. Russia in Russia) was mostly a stalemate as well Italian diverted some Austrian troops from the Eastern Front Ottoman the Turks controlled the Dardanelles, a strait between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Allies lost the Battle of Gallipoli. Much of the fighting was indirect- the European powers used Arab nationalists by supplying them.
What was the Battle of Marne?	Germany attacked France and succeeded until they hit Marne, 40 miles outside Paris. They were pushed back to, at closest, here. This was the first time it was not a quick and easy victory, and in fact created a two-front-war for Germany.
What weapons were used?	Machine Gun Airplane flying aces fought "dogfights" but they didn't really matter. U-Boat used by the Germans to stop Ally supplies; eventually drew U.S. into war. Poison Gas bombs thrown- horrific. All the countries agreed to never again use these in wartime. Tanks were a new technology, but too vulnerable (armor could be pierced) and clumsy to make a real difference.
What is total war; how was WWI like this?	A total war is one in which all nations involved use all of their resources toward the war effort. WWI was a total war. Propaganda was used to influence people toward their side and against the enemy. Every "other side" was accused of atrocities. Bad news was censored to keep morale up. Resources used at home were rationed so they could be sent to the front
What was the role of women during WWI?	They took jobs to keep economy going, working in war industries, growing food, joining women's forces, or working as nurses on the battlefield. When the men returned, they gave up their jobs but got suffrage.
How were other countries and colonies involved?	● Ottomans joined Central Powers ● Japan joined Allies because they wanted German colonies ● Italy was neutral, then joined the Allies
Why did the U.S. enter the war? What was the effect?	● Because of Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare. They had been hitting any ships they suspected of carrying supplies for the Allies with their U-boats. This put American civilians in danger and killed some as well, aside form destroying American ships even though America was neutral. ● Britain also intercepted and gave America the Zimmerman note- Germany had asked Mexico to attack the U.S. and promised to help return lost land. ● The U.S. also joined due to cultural ties with Britain. ● The Allied troops received a huge boost in morale and were replenished in soldiers and in supplies just as Germany was running out.
Why did Russia withdraw? What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?	Russia has suffered terribly throughout the war. The people were very unhappy. Germany snuck Lenin back into the country, an the Revolution took place. After the Revolution, the new government signed an armistice and then a treaty with Germany to end the war. This treaty, the Treat of Brest-Litovsk, was very harsh to Russia- they had to sign away much land.
What were the costs and results of the war?	● Huge monetary costs ● Political turmoil in Europe- especially Germany ● Many, many were dead. France, Germany, and Russia were hit hardest ● People were bitter and disillusioned ● Unrest in colonies ● Economic ruin ● England and France especially wanted the losers to pay reparations ● The end of the war and the Treaty of Versailles set the stage for WWII
Wilson's Fourteen Points	Peace without victory- no punishment for losers, but rather to a peace treaty. It's terms included: ● No secret treaties ● A league of countries to resolve conflict ● Freedom of the seas ● New borders- self determination (people decide how they want to be governed) ● Reduce size of armies and navies ● Remove economic barriers to trade ● Settle colonial claims with fairness to peoples
What was the Paris Peace Conference like?	Big 3 met: Wilson of U.S., David Lloyd George of England, and George Clemenceau of France were the main leaders. Wilson's ideas, the Fourteen Points, did not have much weight. Countries wanted Germany punished and to ensure that there would not ever be war again. France especially wanted revenge on Germany and security. No defeated countries were allowed to take part.
Treaty of Versailles	● Resolved war ● Blamed Germany for entire war ○ Forced to pay reparations ○ Lost Alsace and Lorraine to France ○ Lost colonies ○ Lost Poland ○ Parts of Germany became Czechoslovakia ○ Land gained from Russia became Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Finland ○ Anchluss (Austria+Germany) forbidden ○ No war materials ○ No planes or subs ○ Reduction of army ○ No troops in Rhineland ● Ottomans lost empire ● Italy, Japan wanted more ● Nobody was happy ● German resent → WWII
the League of Nations	The only one of Wilson's Points that was realized. A general association of countries was set up to ensure peace and negotiate through conflict. It gave people hope. The U.S. was not a part- we were isolationist and the Senate refused to join the League.
Revolution of 1905	At the turn of the 20th century, Czar Nicholas ruled Russia. People, who were very unhappy, hoped for change, but found him to be an autocratic ruler. They marched peacefully at his palace in St. Petersburg to show their unhappiness- and his soldiers opened fire on them. This day was eventually known as "Bloody Sunday". The people revolted, so he created the Duma, a legislature, to appease them. In reality, it had no power and was quickly dissolved.
Czar Nicholas II	The autocratic ruler of Russia. He made several mistakes: ● A devastating defeat in the Russo-Japanese war ● The revolution of 1095 and his actions surrounding it ● Entering WWI and suffering terribly ● Going to fight and leaving the country with the Czarina, who let Rasputin control the country
What caused the Russian Revolution?	After all of the suffering and war Russia had gone through, especially highlighted by the Czar's mistakes, the conditions had become desperate in the winter. There were shortages of everything- people began to strike and riot.
What was the political scene like in pre- Revolutionary Russia?	Social Revolutionaries believed that a revolution would come from the peasants. They would enact rural socialism, distribute land fairly, and replace the Czar with a democratic government. They wanted to wait for this revolution until Russia was industrialized. Social Democrats were "Marxists" (not true Marxists) who believed that a revolution would come out of the working class- the "dictator proletariats".
Vladimir Lenin	A Social Democrat leader. He was exiled from Russia, but the Germans snuck him in during WWI. He led the Bolsheviks to take over the Russian government and became the ruler of Russia.
What was the November [October] revolution?	When they were in public favor, the Bolshevik Red Guard took the government offices and arrested the government leaders. The coup was quick and almost bloodless. Right away, the new government pulled out of the war, signing the treaty of Brest-Litovsk. It also took over major industries and set up worker's councils to run them. An election was held, but only Bolsheviks ended up ruling, regardless of the results.
What was the civil war?	Many people were angry, that land had been given away and that the elections hadn't been counted. This caused a civil war to begin, between the Reds (Bolsheviks) and the Whites (anti-Revolution). 15 million died, including the royal family. The Reds won, but Russia was left devastated.
What was the aftermath?	A "New Economic Policy" to revive Russia's economy by temporarily allowing capitalism- surplus crops and goods were sold for profit. Russia became the USSR. (United Soviet Socialist Republic). The capital was moved to Moscow. The Bolsheviks became the Communist Party.
Duma	a legislative body in Russia's assembly
Mensheviks	The minority people lead by Julius Martov that believed that there would be a revolution that would happen in due to time.
realpolitik	doing what is needed to achieve what the state wants.
Archduke Ferdinand	Heir to the Austrian throne, whose assassination in 1914 was the spark that started World War I
Central Powers	Germany, Austria Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.
Bloody Sunday	The event that occurred January 1905 due to the marching of Czar, so the people decided to go on strike. The october manifesto was issued which was reforms and promises to the people so they could stop striking, but the Czar never followed up with the promises.
Mandate	After World War I, a territory that was administered by a western power
Why did the "Reds" win	They were more organized and controlled most of major cities in Russia such as Petrogad, Moscow, and Central Russia.
Alliance	formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another's defense
Allied Powers	World War I alliance of Britain, France and Russia; later joined by the United States and others
Bolsheviks	1917 Russian revolutionary group who seized power in Russia during the October Revolution and founded the Soviet Union
League of Nations	A group of more than 40 nations formed after World War I with the goal of settling problems through negotiation, not war
Cheka	Lenin's secret police
Propaganda	A tool used in the war by spreading ideas to influence your cause or sway opinion in your favor.
Otto von Bismark	Chancellor of Prussia who brought about German Unification
Blood and Iron	how Otto von Bismark wanted to unify Germany
7 Weeks War	nickname for the Austro-Prussian War war that was fought between Austria and Prussia so Prussia could gain control over Holstein and the Gutland Peninsula
Franco-Prussian War	war between France and Prussia started by the Eems dispatch and ended when Prussia defeats France
Second Reich	the name of the reign that started with Kaiser Wilheilm and Otto von Bismark
Berlin Conference	A meeting of European countries that met to discuss the future of Africa and to draw political boundaries; no African nations were represented.
Congo River Valley	The African land claimed by Belgium; this caused France as well as Britian, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain to begin claiming parts of Africa
New Technology	gas...tanks...airplanes...flame throwers. poison gas
March Revolution	caused by massive defeats WWI, food and fuel shortage, no confidence in govt
Mobilization	to prepare military forces for war

Flickr Creative Commons Images

Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com. Click to see the original works with their full license.

• "Protectorate" image
• "Sphere of Influence" image
• "Imperialism" image
• "Nationalism" image
• "Schlieffen plan" image
• "What was trench warfare like?" image
• "What weapons were
  used?" image
• "What is total war; how
  was WWI like this?" image
• "Wilson's Fourteen Points" image
• "What was the Paris
  Peace Conference like?" image
• "Treaty of Versailles" image
• "Revolution of 1905" image
• "Czar Nicholas II" image
• "Vladimir Lenin" image
• "Otto von Bismark" image

This product uses the Flickr API but is not endorsed or certified by Flickr.