Chapter 6
Order by
28 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 social group | collection of people who have a common identity and regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations concerning behavior |
| social aggregate | a collection of people who happen to be together in a particular place but do not significantly interact or identify with each other |
| social category | people sharing a common characteristic, such as gender or occupation, without necessarily interacting or identifying with one another |
| in-groups | groups toward which one feels loyalty and respect; the groups that "we" belong to |
| out-groups | groups toward which one feels antagonism and contempt "those people" |
| primary groups | usually small groups characterized by face-to-face interaction, intimacy and a strong sense of commitment. ie: family |
| secondary groups | large and impersonal and seldom involve intense emotional ties, enduring relationships, powerful commitments tot he group itself, or experiences of unity. ie: school |
| reference group | a group that provides a standard for judging one's attitudes or behaviors (family is typically one of the crucial reference groups in our lives) |
| dyad | a group of two people; involves both intimacy and conflict |
| triad | a group of three people; triads tend to be more stable than dyads because the presence of a third person relieves some of the pressure on the other two members to always get along |
| transformational leader | go beyond the routine of simple leading, instilling in their group a sense of mission or higher purpose and thereby changing the nature of the group itself |
| transactional leaders | leaders concerned with accomplishing the group's tasks, getting members to do their jobs, and making certain that the group achieves its goals |
| groupthink | a process by which the members of a group ignore ways of thinking and plans of action that go against the group consensus |
| networks | all the direct and indirect connections that link a person or a group with other people or groups |
| dysfunctions of bureaucracy (3) | 1 over-adherence to rules causing inefficiency 2 over-adherence to rules > good of org. 3 inability to pay attention to specific cases |
| types of surveillance (2) | 1 direct 2 subtle |
| surveillance society | a society in which information about our lives is gathered by all types of organizations |
| iron law of oligarchy | Robert Michels' term for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite |
| human resource management | regards a company's workforce as vital to its competitiveness... |
| corporate culture | unique rituals, events, and traditions developed for employees to promote loyalty to the company and pride in its work |
| information technology | computers and electronic communication media such as the Internet |
| McDonaldization | George Ritzer's metaphor regarding the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurants are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world. According to Ritzer, McDonaldization is making social life more homogeneous, rigid, and less personal. |
| two types of global organizations | international governmental & international nongovernmental |
| international governmental organizations (IGO) | established by treaties among governments for the purposes of conducting business among the member nations |
| international nongovernmental organization (INGO) | established by agreements among individuals or private organizations |
| social capital | the fruits of organizational membership |
| two types of social capital: | 1 bridging social capital (outward looking and inclusive) 2 bonding social capital (inward looking and exclusive) |
| 4 reasons voter turnout is low | 1 women have jobs 2 "my vote won't make a difference" 3 increased commute time 4 television |
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