Immune system
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49 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 factors involved in infections? | portal of entry, virulence of organism, aggresiveness, toxin production, dose of pathogens, predisposition to infection |
| nonspecific defenses | effective against any harmful agent |
| specific defenses | effective against a certain agent only (vaccines) |
| examples of nonspecific defenses | mechanical and chemical barriers, phagocytosis, natural killer cells, inflammation, fever , interferon |
| mechanical barriers | intact skin and mucous membranes |
| chemical barriers | body secretions |
| phagocytosis | WBCs engulf and destroy wastes and foreign material (neutrophils, macrophages) |
| monocytes | change into macrophages |
| natural killer cells | recognize body cells with an abnormal membrane, they are found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and blood |
| inflammation | body's effort to get rid of anything that irritates it |
| HARPS | heat, achiness, redness, pain, swelling |
| mast cells | release histamine |
| histamine | allows for dilation of blood vessels |
| fever | indicates body defenses are at work, stimulates phagocytes, increases metabolism, decreases ability of certain organisms to multiply |
| interferon | interferes with the multiplication of viruses, interferon can also be used as a med to stimulate the immune system |
| reflexes | gets rid of stuff in your body, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea, protect the body |
| immunity | power to overcome a specific disease agent, selective |
| inborn immunity | species and individual immunity, population |
| acquired immunity | develops during a person's lifetime from encounters with specific harmful agents |
| antigen | any foreign substance that enters the body and induces an immune response |
| naturally acquired immunity | through contact with a specific disease organism, there is active and passive |
| active immunity | comes from having had the disease |
| passive immunity | natural, placenta, breast milk |
| artificially acquired active immunity | vaccination(immunization) controlled exposure to a disease producing pathogen, causes a persons immune system to manufacture antibodies |
| risks for artificially acquired active immunity | side effects, preventive measures |
| artificially acquired passive immunity | acquired by administration of immune serum (antiserum), short lived immunity, used in emergencies, often derived from animals, may cause a sensitivity reaction |
| live vaccine | kept in freezer |
| attenuated vaccine | dilute or weakened |
| toxoid | toxin or poison that has been treated with chemicals or heat to decrease it's toxic effect but it retains it's antigenic power (tetanus) it will provoke an antibody response |
| genetically engineered vaccine | process of producing recombinate DNA for purpose of altering and controling, it uses enzymes insulin |
| recombinate | a molecule, a cell, or an organism that results from the recombination of genes |
| boosters | active immunity does not always last a lifetime, repeated inoculation help maintain high titre of antibodies in the blood, number and timing varies with vaccines |
| examples of vaccines | pertussis, diphtheria tetanus toxoid, Hib, PCV, prevnar, |
| examples of viral vaccines | inactivated polio, measles, Hep B, hep A, varicella, influenza, rabies, rotovirus |
| immunotherapy | a special treatment that involves administering gradually increasing dose of an offending allergen to help the person develop an immunity (allergy shot) desensitization |
| desensitization | allows the person to build up a tolerance to the allergens without developing symptoms |
| risks of immunotherapy | anaphylaxis, doctor must always be in the building, keep pt for 20-30 minutes after injection, measure both weal and erythema |
| cytotoxic killer T cells | CD8 cells, work against cancer cells and cells infected with viruses |
| stem cells | a certain amount travel to the thymus gland and mature to T cells |
| T cells | originate in stem cells in bone marrow, become sensitized to specific antigens, produce cell mediated immunity, attack an antigen directly, cell to cell combat |
| helper T cells | infected and destroyed by HIV, help to regulate B cells and help them produce antibodies , don't function as effectively in the elderly |
| memory T cells | sleep until activated such as measles, chicken pox, hep B |
| B cells | attack antigens indirectly by producting antibodies that destroy antigens, provide active immunity, (immunizations) and passive immunity(immunoglobulin) |
| Ig | immunoglobulin |
| the four R's | recognize, respond, remember, regulate |
| recognize | self from nonself, normall the body recognizes its own cells as nonantigenic, therfore an immune response generally is triggered only in response to antigens except in autoimmune disorders |
| respond | to non self invaders, the immune system responds in part by producing antibodies that target specific antigens for destruction, new antibodies are produce in response to new antigens if not can result in immunodeficiency disorders |
| remember | the invader, the ability to remember antigens that have invaded the body in the past is the immune systems memory, allows a quicker response |
| regulate | it's action, self regulation allows the immune system to monitor itself by turning on when an antigen invades and turning off when the invasion has been eradicated, regulation prevents the destruction of healthy or host tissue, unable to do this results in chronic inflammation and damage to the host tissue |
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