speech test 2
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177 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 clarity | that property of style by means of which a thought it so presented that it is immediately understood, depending on the precision and simplicity of the language |
| connotative meaning | the feelings or associations that each individual has about a particular word |
| denotative meaning | dictionary definition of a particular word |
| dialect | the habitual language of a community |
| doublespeak | a term that refers to euphemisms created by an institution, such as government, to cover up the truth |
| euphemism | inoffensive words or phrases that are substitute for words that might be perceived as unpleasant |
| language environment | the environment in which language takes place |
| metamessage | the meaning, apart from the words, in a message |
| paralanguage | the way we say something |
| powerful talk | talk that comes directly to the point, that does not use hesitation or qualifications |
| rapport-talk | type of language women use in conversation, designed to lead to intimacy with others, to match experiences, and to establish relationships |
| report-talk | type of language men use in conversation, designed to maintain status, to demonstrate knowledge and skills, and to keep center-stage position |
| ritual language | communication that takes place when we are in an environment in which a conventionalized response is expected of us |
| sapir-whorf hypothesis | the language you use to some extent determines - at least influences - the way in which you view and think about the world around you |
| style | the result of the way we select and arrange words and sentences |
| vividness | that property of style by which a thought is so presented that it evokes lifelike imagery or suggestion |
| face | the richest source of emotional information is the _____ |
| social presence | computer-mediated communication has an extremely low level of _____ |
| accent | nonverbal message designed specifically to place stress on the verbal message |
| adaptors | nonverbal ways of adjusting to a communication situation |
| attractiveness | having the power or quality of drawing, pleasing, or winning |
| body adornment | any addition to the physical body that is designed to beautify or decorate |
| body movement | describes a phenomenon responsible for much of our nonverbal communication |
| chronemics | the study of time |
| complement | nonverbal cues designed specifically to add to the meaning of a verbal message |
| convergence | an aspect of rate (the speed at which one speaks) demonstrated by how one person will accommodate or adapt to anothers rate |
| costumes | the type of clothing that is a form of highly individualized dress |
| displays of feelings | face and body movements that show how intensely we are feeling |
| elective characteristics | the nonverbal, physical characteristics over which you have control such a clothing, makeup, tattoos, and body piercing |
| emblems | body movements that have a direct translation into words |
| eye messages | as an aspect of nonverbal communication, they include all information conveyed by the eyes alone |
| facial expressions | facial movements that signal emotions |
| haptics | the study of touch |
| illustrators | gestures or other nonverbal signals that accent, emphasize or reinforce words |
| intimate distance | the distance zone, a range of less than 18 inches apart, that places people in direct contact with each other |
| leisure clothing | the type of clothing that is up to the individual and that is worn when work is over |
| manners | a way of doing, often used in reference to demeanor, personal carriage, mode of conduct, and etiquette |
| mixed message | a message in which the verbal and nonverbal contradict each other |
| nonelective characteristics | the nonverbal physical characteristics over which you have no control and cannot change such as height, body proportion, coloring, bone structure, physical disabilities |
| nonverbal communication | anything communicated without words |
| occupational dress | the type of clothing that employees are expected to wear, but not as precise as a uniform |
| olfactics | the study of smell |
| personal distance | the distance zone, a range from 18 inches to 4 feet, that people maintain from each other when they are engaged in casual and personal conversations |
| proxemics | the study of how people use space |
| public distance | the distance zone, a distance of more than 12 feet, typically used for public speaking |
| regulate | nonverbal cues designed specifically to direct, manage, or control behavior |
| regulators | nonverbal signals that control the back-and-forth flow of speaking and listening, such as head nods, hand gestures, and other body movements |
| social distance | the distance zone, a range from 4 to 12 feet, that people are most likely to maintain when they do not know people very well |
| substitute | nonverbal messages designed specifically to take the place of a verbal message |
| territory | space we consider as belonging to us, either temporarily or permanent |
| uniforms | the most specialized form of clothing and that type that identifies wearers with particular organizations |
| vocal fillers | words we use to fill out our sentences or to cover up when we are searching for words |
| appraisal interview | a type of information interview in which a supervisor makes a valuation by estimating and judging the quality or worth of an emlo9yee's performance and then interviews the empl0oyee in connection with the appraisal |
| disciplinary interview | a type of information interview that concerns a sensitive area, where the employee is notified, and the interview involves hearing the employee's side of the story and depending on the outcome, instituting disciplinary action |
| employment interview | an interview used by an employer to determine whether someone is suitable for a job |
| exit interview | a type of information interview that occurs at the termination of an employee's employment, and is designed to resolve any outstanding concerns of employers and employees |
| information interview | an interview in which the goal is to gather facts and opinions from someone with expertise and experience ia specific field |
| professional communication | communication that is connected with, preparing for, engaged in, appropriate for, or conforming to business professions or occupations |
| resume | a summary of a person's professional life written for potential employers |
| stress interview | a type of information interview that is sometimes part of the job search and is designed to see how an interviewee acts under pressure. It is designed to give interviewers a realistic sense of their response to difficult situations |
| agenda | a list of all the items that will be discussed during a meeting |
| authoritarian leaders | one who holds great control over a group |
| coercive power | in an organization the ability of a leader to punish followers |
| consensus | general agreement where each group member is in accord |
| delegating | that style of situational leadership in which leaders hang back and let members plan and execute the job |
| democratic leader | one who lets all points of view be heard and lets group members participate in the decision-making process |
| expert power | the influence and power that an expert has because he or she knows more than anyone else |
| functional leadership | when leadership varies with the task of the group and moves from one individual to another as the group finds it suitable |
| hidden agenda | unannounced goals, subjects, or issues of individual group members or subgroups that differ from the group's public or stated agenda |
| laissez-faire leader | one who does very little actual leading. this leader suggests no direction for and imposes no order on a group |
| leader | a person who influences the behavior of one or more people |
| leadership style | the amount of control a leader exerts over a group |
| legitimate power | leaders in formal organizations who derive their influence b/c they are "the boss" or b/c of the organizational hierarchy and its rules |
| neutrality | not taking sides (in a group discussion) |
| objectivity | basing conclusions on facts and evidence rather than on emotion or opinions |
| participating | that style of situational leadership in which leaders state the problem but immediately consult with group members |
| referent power | when leaders enjoy influence b/c of their personality |
| reward power | a leader can have an influence if he/she can reward the followers (e.g., through raises, promotions, praise, etc.) |
| selling | that style of situational leadership in which leaders state the problem and decide what to do,l but they sell the other group members on the idea to gain majority support |
| servant leaders | person who works for the well-being and growth of all employees and is committed to creating a sense of community and sharing power in decision making |
| shared leadership | it occurs when all group or team members assume both decision-making authority and responsibility for the group or team's results |
| situational leader | it occurs when leaders adopt different leadership styles depending on the situation |
| substantive conflict | conflict that arises when people have different reactions to an idea; likely to occur when any important and controversial idea is being discussed |
| attitudes | deeply felt beliefs that govern how one behaves |
| beliefs | one's own convictions; what one thinks is right and wrong, true and false |
| bid | a question, gesture, look, touch, or single expression that says "I want to feel connected to you" |
| blind pane | that area in the Johari Window known as an accidental disclosure area |
| commitment | a strong desire by both parties for the relationship to continue |
| compatibility | similar attitudes, personality, and a liking for the same activities |
| cultural information | information used in making predictions based on a person's most generally shared cultural attributes such as language, shared values, beliefs, and ideologies |
| emotional intelligence | the ability to understand and get along with others |
| empathy | the ability to recognize and identify with someone else's feelings |
| hidden pane | that area of the Johari Window where self-knowledge is hidden from others-a deliberate non-disclosure area in which there are certain things you know about yourself that you do not want known and deliberately conceal them from others |
| interpersonal communication | one person interacting with another on a one-to-one basis, often in an informal, unstructured setting |
| johari window | a model of the process of disclosure in interpersonal relationships |
| open pane | the area of the Johari Window that involves information about yourself that you are willing to communicate, as well as info. you are unable to hide |
| owned message | an acknowledgment of subjectivity by a message-sender through the use of first-person singular terms (I, me, my, mine) |
| proximity | the close contact that occurs when people share an experience such as work, play, or school |
| psychological information | the kind of information that is the most specific and intimate because it allows you to know individual traits, feelings, attitudes, and important personal data |
| response to a bid | a positive or negative answer4 to somebody's request for emotional connection |
| self-disclosure | process by which one person tells another something he or she would not just tell anyone |
| small talk | social conversation about unimportant topics that allows a person to maintain contact with a lot of people without making a deep commitment |
| social penetration | the process of increasing both disclosure and intimacy in a relationship |
| sociological information | information that tells you something about others' social groups and roles |
| unknown pane | area of the Johari Window that is known as a nondisclosure area and provides no possibility of disclosure b/c it is unknown to the self or to others |
| aggressive talk | talk that attacks a person's self-concept with the intent of inflicting psychological pain |
| assertiveness | taking the responsibility of expressing needs, thoughts, and feelings in a direct, clear manner |
| avoidance | a refusal to deal with conflict or painful issues |
| complaint | expression of dissatisfaction with the behavior, attitude, belief, or characteristic of a partner or of someone else |
| conflict resolution | negotiation to find a solution to the conflict |
| costs | the problems associated with relationships |
| criticism | a negative evaluation of a person for something he/she has done or the way he/she is |
| defensive communication | when one partner tries to defend himself or herself against the remarks or behavior of the other |
| evaluative statements | expressions that involve a judgement |
| extrinsic costs | the sacrifices, losses, or suffering as a result of thing that occur outside the relationships (could include not having as much time for your friends or sharing your friends with your partner) |
| extrinsic rewards | the gifts, prizes, and recompenses that occur outside a relationship (could include liking the people your partner has introduce you to or the friends he/she hangs out with) |
| indirect aggression | people who use this form of communication often feel powerless and respond by doing something to thwart the person in power |
| instrumental costs | the sacrifices, losses, or suffering as a result of exchanging goods and services (could include sharing your belongings) |
| instrumental rewards | the gifts, prizes, and recompenses that occur as a result of the basic exchange of goods and services (could include raising the current level of relational intimacy with one of the rewards being moving in with your partner and sharing in both the rent and the furniture) |
| intrinsic costs | the obligation to return the attention, warmth, and affection you receive, and the time you will spend listening, communication, and self-disclosing |
| intrinsic rewards | the gifts, prizes, and recompenses that occur within a relationship could include the attention, warmth, and affection you gain from being in a relationship |
| regrettable talk | saying something embarrassing, hurtful, or private to another person |
| rewards | the pleasures that come as a result of being in a relationship |
| power distance | measuring social inequality between two groups of cultures |
| individualism versus collectivism | examining the degree of integration and orientation of individuals |
| femininity versus masculinity | examining the division of roles between men and women |
| uncertainty avoidance | capturing tolerance for the unknown |
| long-term orientation | measuring the trade-off between long-term and short-term gratification of needs |
| high-context versus low-context | examining the degree to which most of the information is carried in the communication context, or in the code or message |
| accommodation | an approach that works toward getting the dominant group to reinvent, or at least change, the rules so that they incorporate the life experiences of the nondominant group |
| assimilation | when nondominants use this they drop cultural differences and distinctive characteristics that would identify them with the nondominant group |
| assumptions | a taking or granted or supposition that something is a fact |
| co-culture | people who are part of a larger culture but also belong to a smaller group that has some different values, attitudes, or beliefs |
| cultural identity | the degree to which you identify with your culture |
| culture | the ever-changing values, traditions, social and political relationships, and worldview created and shared by a group of people bound together by a combination of factors (which can include a common history, geographic location, language, social class and/or religion) |
| discrimination | the overt actions one takes to exclude, avoid, or distance oneself from other groups |
| dominant culture | includes white people from a European background |
| ethnocentrism | the belief that one's own cultural group's behaviors, norms, ways of thinking, and ways of being are superior to all other cultural groups |
| intercultural communication | when a message is created by a member of one culture, and this message needs to be processed by a member of another culture |
| knowledge class | a class of individuals supported soley by its participation in the new information industries with little, if any, reliance upon traditional manufacturing, production or agriculture |
| national communities | co-cultural groupings within a country |
| nondominant culture | includes people of color, women, gays, lesbians, and bisexuals, and those whose socioeconomic background is lower than middle class |
| prejudice | a negative attitude toward a cultural group based on little or no experience |
| separation | when nondominants do not want to form a common bond with the dominant culture, they separate into a group that includes only members like themselves |
| stereotypes | oversimplified or distorted views of another race, ethnic group, or culture |
| transpection | the process of empathizing across cultures |
| worldview | an all-encompassing set of moral, ethical, and philosophical principles and beliefs that govern the way people live their lives and interact w/ others |
| action listening style | that kind of listening in which the listener wants precise, error-free presentations and is likely to be impatient with disorganization |
| active listening | making a mental outline of important points, thinking up questions or challenges to the points that have been made, and becoming mentally involved with the person talking |
| anxiety | a disturbance that occurs in your mind regarding some uncertain event, misgiving, or worry |
| appreciative listening | to listen for pleasure |
| central idea | the essential thought that runs through the speech or communication |
| cognitive dissonance | a psychological theory, applied to communication, that states that people seek information that will support their beliefs and ignore information that does not |
| comprehension listening | to understand what others are saying because you are aware of, grasp, and can make sense of their messages |
| constructing meaning | the complicated and unique process of making sense of the cues, signals, and impulses received |
| content listening style | the kind of listening in which the listener prefers complex and challenging information |
| controlling listeners | people who prefer talking to listening and seek to control their listeners by looking for ways to talk about themselves and their expectations |
| critical listening | includes all the ingredients for active listening and, in addition, evaluating and challenging what is heard |
| discriminative listening | to listen for both verbal and nonverbal changes in a speaker that allow you to make sense of the meanings and nuances expressed |
| informative listening | a type of listening where the primary concern is to understand the message |
| Integrative Listening Model (ILM) | a framework for assessing listening both systematically and developmentally |
| listening | includes the process of listening preparation, receiving, constructing meaning, responding, and remembering |
| listening preparation | includes all the physical, mental, and behavioral aspects that create a readiness to listen |
| main heads | points that reinforce the central idea |
| mental outline | a preliminary sketch that shows the principal features of the speech or lecture |
| opinion | a personal belief |
| passiveness | the suspension of the rational functions and the reduction of any physical function to their lowest possible degree |
| people listening style | kind of listening in which the listener is concerned with the other person's feelings |
| predict | to forecast or to make something known beforehand |
| propriety | the character or quality of being proper, especially in accordance with recognized usage, custom, or principles |
| receiving | the process of taking in, acquiring or accepting information |
| remembering | information that is learned well and stored securely in your memory system |
| responding | using spoken and/or nonverbal messages to exchange ideas or convey information |
| selective attention | the ability to focus perception |
| supporting points | the material, ideas, and evidence that back up the main heads |
| time-style listening | that kind of listening in which the listener prefers brief & hurried interactions with others and often lets the communicator know how much time he/she has to make the point |
| verify-clarify | when an active listener rephrases what they have just heard from a speaker and asks it as a question in order to understand the speaker's points correctly |
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