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1. angulation: position of the bone segments, the bone is misaligned at an angle

2. causes of fractures: table pg 298 and added to objective 1

3. clinical manifestations of fractures: vary according to type, site, and soft tissue injury. In general.... impaired function, unnatural alignment, swelling, muscle spasm, tenderness, pain, and impaired sensation. the position of the attached muscles, gravity and the direction and magnitude of the force that caused the fracture determine the position of the bone segments. pain is severe and usually caused by the trauma, later pain may be caused by spasm, overriding of the fracture segments, and soft tissue damage. Numbness is common, pathologic fractures are not usually associated with trauma or trauma-related pain. stress fractures are painful not because of the trauma, but because of the accelerated remodeling.

4. closed manipulation: the skin is not opened and the bone is manipulated into place. used when the contoru of the bone is in fair alignment and can be maintained with immobilization

5. delayed union: union that does not occur until approximately 8 to 9 months after the fracture

6. healing of fractures: can't find read book

7. healing of fractures: can result in nonunion, delayed union, or malunion

8. Malunion: the healing of a bone in a nonanatomic position.

9. nonunion: failure of the bone ends to grow together. the gap fills with dense fibrous and fibrocartilaginous tissue instead of new bone..... can cause a false joint (pseudoarthrosis) if the gap fills with fluid.

10. open reduction: surgical procedure that exposes the fracture, the fragments are brought into alignment under direct visualization. a screw, plate, or wire are usually used.

11. overriding: the position of the bone segments, one segment slides over the other segment.

12. rotation: position of the bone segments, the bone is rotated in or out.

13. traction: used to accomplish or maintain reduction. when bone segments are displaced weights are used to apply firm, steady traction (pull) and countertraction to the long axis of the bne. traction stretches and fatigues muscles that pull the long bone out of place, this allows the distal fragment to align with the proximal fragment. can be applied to skin (when only a few pounds of force are needed), directly to the bone (a pin or wire is drilled through the bone and weights are applied), or distal to the bone. external fixation is used for large breaks

14. treatments of fractures: involves reduction (realigning the fragments) and immobilization (holding the pieces in place) ..methods of reducing a fraction, closed manipulation, traction, and open reduction. some can heal with only immobilization.