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main clause complete sentence by itself. It can stand on its own. coordinating conjunctions FANBOYS main clause, FANBOYS main clause how to separate Main Clauses linked by a Coordinating Conjunction. main clause I like Aaron. main clause separated by a coordinating conjunction [I like Aaron], [but he is still a jerk.] clause contains BOTH a subject and a verb phrase contains EITHER a subject or a verb introductory element, main clause how to set off most introductory elements introductory clause main clause + subordinating conjunction introductory clause If they want to win, they have to work hard. subordinating conjunction If they want to win, main clause ,they have to work hard. introductory phrases either no subject or no verb; can't stand on their own prepositional phrase positions, where, when, how prepositional phrase with a main clause [After the match], [they went home.] infinitive phrase "to" form of verb infinitive phrase with a main clause To run faster, you need to practice. infinitive phrase with a main clause To do this, I have to do that. participial phrase "ing" form of verb participial phrase with a main clause [Digging herself a deeper hole], [she decided to quit talking.] appositive phrase renaming element appositive phrase with a main clause [Guaranteed champions], the GNGHS softball team practices very regularly. absolute phrase lacks a full verb and acts as an adjective absolute phrase with a main clause Their faces [lack of SOB verb] showing disappointment, the losers walked off the field. introductory words provide continuity from sentence to sentence introductory words also, however, furthermore, meanwhile, main clause, nonessential element how to set off nonessential elements beginning of main clause, nonessential element, end of main clause another way to set off nonessential elements nonessential element information in a sentence that, if removed, does not changes the fundamental reaming of the sentence. Basically, extra stuff that doesn't change anything. phrase that functions as adjectives She went to Harvard, [which is known for its law program], after she graduated high school. phrase that functions as appositives Holden Caulfield, [a young, troubled boy], went to Pencey. parenthetical expression He knew, [obviously], that the sky was blue. parenthetical expression The most celebrated Holiday, [surprisingly], is New Year's Day. parenthetical expression This, [for example], does that. item one, item two, and/or item three how to separate items in a series a series Apples, oranges, and bananas. first adjective, second adjective word modified how to separate coordinating adjectives coordinating adjectives in a sentence The [tall], [thin] boy walked down the street. ...Sunday, December 7, 1941,... how to use commas in dates ...Columbus, Ohio,... how to use commas in addresses and place names She said, "Hi!" how to use commas around quotations "Hi!" she said. how to use commas around quotations It is the content, not the grammar, that matters. how to use commas to set off phrases of contrast Yes, I will go. how to use commas for yes/no With all due respect, Andrew, I think you're being ridiculous. how to use commas for direct address