Anatomy and Physiology chapter 7
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66 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Functions of bone | supports--the body's internal framework protection--for internal organs and helps fight disease by producing white blood cells movement--make possible by working in concert with muscle contraction and relaxation storage-- stores calcium, a vital resource hemopoiesis--forms blood cells in red bone marrow |
| The 4 major types of bones | long, short, flat, irregular |
| long bones | ex: humerus (upper arm) |
| short bones | ex: carpals (wrist) |
| flat bones | ex: frontal (skull) |
| irregular bones | ex: vertebrae (spinal bones) |
| Structure of long bones | diaphysis or shaft medullary cavity epiphyses articular cartilage periosteum endosteum |
| diaphysis or shaft | structure of long bone; hollow tube of hard compact bone |
| medullary cavity | structure of long bone; hollow space inside the diaphysis that contain yellow marrow |
| epiphyses | structure of long bone; ends of the bone and made of spongey bone that contains red bone marrow |
| articular cartilage | structure of long bone; thin layer that covers each epiphysis; provides a cushion |
| periosteum | structure of long bone; strong, fibrous membrane covering bone everywhere, except at joint surfaces |
| endosteum | structure of long bone; thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity |
| the skeletal system is composed of 2 major types of tissue | bone and cartilage |
| bone | osteocytes |
| cartilage | chondrocytes |
| types of bone | spongy and compact |
| spongy bone | texture results from needle-like threads of bone called trabeculae surrounded by a network of open spaces; found in epiphyses of bones; spaces contain red bone marrow; appear porous to naked eye |
| compact bone | structural unit is an osteon-calcified matrix arranged in multiple layers or rings called concentric lamella; osteocytes are found inside spaces called lacunae, which are connected by tiny tubes called canaliculi; convered by periosteum; appear solid to naked eye |
| cartilage | cell type called chondrocytes located in lacunae; matrix is flexible gel-like substance and lacks blood vessels; nutrients reach chondrocytes by diffusion; injured cartilage heals slowly |
| osteoblasts | form new bone |
| osteoclasts | bone resorbing cells |
| epiphyseal plate | between epipyses and diaphysis remains until skeletal maturity |
| epiphyseal line | replaces epiphyseal plate when growth ceases |
| endochondrial bone formation | bones develop from cartilage models |
| total bones of the skeleton | 206 |
| how many bones in the axial skeleton | 80 |
| how many bones in the appendicular skeleton | 126 |
| 4 normal curves of the spine or vertebral column | cervical curvature (concave) thoracic curvature (convex) lumbar curvature (concave) sacral curvature (convex) |
| lordosis or (swayback) | the lumbar curve becomes abnormally exaggerated |
| kyphosis or (hunchback) | abnormal thoracic curvature |
| scoliosis | abnormal side to side curvature |
| difference between the size of a man and woman's skeleton | male skeleton is generally bigger |
| differences in the shape of pelvis | male pelvis is deep and narrow female pelvis is broad and shallow |
| differences in the size of pelvic inlet | female pelvic inlet generally wider, normally large enough for baby's head to pass through it |
| differences in public angle | angle between pubic bones of female are generally wider |
| every bone except.....connects to at least one other bone | hyoid (anchors the tongue) |
| Kinds of joints | synarthroses or no mvmnt amphiarthroses or slight mvmnt diathroses or free mvmnt |
| synathroses | no mvmnt; fibrous connective tissue grows between articulating bones; ex: suturesof skull |
| amphiarthroses | slight mvmnt; cartilage connects articulating bones; ex: symphysis pubis |
| diathroses | free mvmnt; most joints belong to this class; articular cartilage (covers joint ends of bones and absorbs jolts), synovial fluid (lines joint capsule and secretes lubrication fluid), joint cavity (space betwen joint ends of bones) |
| free mvmnt joints | ball and socket, hinge, pivot, saddle. gliding, condyloid |
| malignant tumors of bone and cartilage | osteosarcoma chondrosarcoma |
| osteosarcoma | malignant bone neoplasm; most common and serious type, frequent sites include distal femur and proximal tibia and humerous |
| chondrosarcoma | cancer of skeletal hyaline cartilage, 2nd most common cancer of skeletal tissues, frequent sites include medullary cavity of humerus, femur, ribs, and pelvic bones |
| osteoporosis | metabolic bone disease; loss of calcified bone matrix and reduction in the number of trabeculae in spongy bone; bones fracture easily--especially in wrists, hips, and vertebrae; treated by drug therapy, exercise, and dietary supplements if calcium and vitamin D |
| Rickets | loss of bone minerals related to vitamin D deficiency; loss of bone minerals occurs in infants and young children before skeletal maturity; lack of bone rigidity causes gross skeletal changes (bowing of legs); treated with vitamin D |
| Osteomalacia | loss of bone minerals related to vitamin D deficiency; mineral content is lost from bones that have already matured; increases susceptibility to fractures; treated with vitamin D |
| osteomyelitis | term for bacterial (usually staphylococcal infection of the bone); treatment involves surgery, drainage of pus, and IV antibiotic treatment--often over long periods of time |
| bone fractures--open (compound) | pierce the skin; invite the possibility of infection |
| bone fractures--closed (simple) | do not pierce the skin; do not pose immediate danger of bone infection |
| comminuted fractures | breaks that produce many fragments |
| impacted fractures | bone fractures are driven into each other |
| linear fracture | fracture line is parallel to the bone's long axis |
| transverse fracture | fracture line is at a right angle to the bone's long axis |
| oblique fracture | fracture line is diagonal to the bone's long axis --- spiral fracture-- oblique fracture line spirals around a bone |
| noninflammatory joint disease | do not usually involve inflammation of the synovial membrane; symptoms tend to be local and not systematic |
| inflammatory joint disorder | inflammation of the synovial membrane occurs with systematic signs and symptoms |
| osteoarthritis | DJD--degenerative joint disease; most common noninflamm disorder of movable joints; "wear and tear" arthritis; symptoms include joint pain, morning stiffness, and appearance of Bouchard nodes and Heberden nodes; most common cause for partial and total hip and knew replacements |
| traumatic injuries | dislocation or subluxation, sprain, strain |
| dislocation or subluxation | articular surfaces or bones in joint are no longer in proper contact |
| sprain | acute injury to ligaments around joints (ex: whiplash injuries) |
| strain | acute injury to any part of the "musculotendoninous unit" |
| rheumatoid arthritis | systematic autoimmune disease--chronic inflamm of synovial membrane with involvement of other tissues such as blood vessels, eyes, heart, and lungs |
| gouty arthritis | ovial inflamm caused by gout. a condition in which sodium urate crystals form in joints and other tissues |
| infectious arthritis | arthritis resulting from infection by a pathogen resulting as in lyme arthritis and ehrlichiosis, caused by two diff types of bacteria that are transmitted to humans by tick bites |
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