Topic 7: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-base homeostasis and Renal
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50 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Which fluid will be most effective in restoring extracellular volume? | Normal saline (0.9%) |
| A patient with renal disease is at risk for development of uremia as his nephrons progressively deteriorate because | GFR declines |
| Osteodystrophy commonly occurs in patients with chronic renal failure because of | insufficient active vitamin D |
| A patient's arterial blood gases on room air are pH = 7.35, PaCO2 = 32 mm Hg, and HCO3- = 17 mEq/L. What is the correct interpretation? | Compensated metabolic acidosis |
| Hypermagnesemia and hypercalcemia both cause excessive neuromuscular excitability. | False |
| Two thirds of body fluids are within the intracellular fluid compartments. | True |
| An electrolyte disorder that frequently accompanies ketoacidosis is | hyperkalemia |
| Which of the following arterial blood gases indicates a compensated respiratory acidosis? | pH 7.36, PaCO2 55, HCO3- 30 |
| Which of the following statements best describes the pathophysiologic process of hypernatremia? | Increased extracellular osmolality leads to cellular shriveling |
| After a patient has received fluid therapy for several hours, her supine and standing heart rate and blood pressure are recorded. Which of the following results indicate a need for further therapy? | Supine HR 88, BP 100/80; standing HR 110, BP 98/78 |
| Signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure begin to appear when approximately 75% of nephrons have been lost. | True |
| Match the disease processes with their clinical manifestations (answers are used more than once). | Proteinuria - nephrotic syndrome; Azotemia - uremic syndrome; Oliguria - uremic syndrome; Hyperlipidemia - nephrotic syndrome |
| Classify the following arterial blood gas: pH = 7.52, PaCO2 = 30 mm Hg, HCO3- = 24 mEq/L. | Respiratory alkalosis |
| Prerenal oliguria is a reversible stage of acute renal failure. | True |
| Which of the following is not usually associated with nephrosis? | Hematuria |
| Administration of sodium bicarbonate to an individual with acidosis will | increase formation of carbon dioxide in the blood. |
| The pain that accompanies kidney disorders is called | nephralgia |
| Renal artery stenosis, hypertension, and nephrosclerosis may all contribute to renal failure by causing | renal ischemia. |
| A person who experiences a panic attack and develops hyperventilation symptoms may experience. | numbness and tingling in extremities. |
| A patient's serum level upon admission was 148 mEq/L, her heart rate was 110 lying supine, and her blood pressure was 88/60. What is the most appropriate fluid therapy | Give IV normal saline (0.9%). |
| Two important renal buffers are | NH3 and HPO42+ |
| The most helpful laboratory value in monitoring the progression of renal failure is | serum creatinine. |
| The oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis is characterized by | rapidly developing uremia. |
| The finding of ketones in the urine suggests that a patient may have which of the following acid-base disorders | Metabolic acidosis |
| Abnormalities in intracellular regulation of enzyme activity and cellular production of ATP are associated with | hypophosphatemia |
| A total of 70% to 80% of the water and electrolytes filtered by the kidney are reabsorbed by the | proximal tubule. |
| Vomiting of stomach contents or continuous nasogastric suctioning may predispose to development of | metabolic acid deficit. |
| Which of the following hormones is associated with an increase in hypotonic fluid reabsorption from the tubular fluid | Aldosterone |
| A person with acute pyelonephritis would most typically have | fever |
| A high urine sodium and a fractional sodium excretion greater than 1 is associated with: | acute tubular necrosis. |
| The primary function of the vasa recta is to: | reabsorb interstitial water. |
| The most likely cause of anemia in a patient with renal failure is | insufficient erythropoietin. |
| Decreased neuromuscular excitability can be seen in which two electrolyte disorders | Hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia |
| The nerves that carry pain sensations from the kidney enter the cord at T10 to L1. | True |
| Because of continuing decreased urine output, the function of a patient's kidneys is evaluated with urine electrolytes. The urine Na+ is found to be quite low. This is most likely due to | aldosterone effect on kidney tubules. |
| C.G. is a 42-year-old with type 1 diabetes that is normally well controlled with insulin. Three days ago she developed a viral infection with high fever and has not been checking her blood glucose regularly. She is now in the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain and flu symptoms. C.G.'s urine is positive for glucose and ketones, and serum glucose and blood gases are obtained. What fluid balance problem is C.G. at risk for secondary to glycosuria? | Water deficit |
| Which of the following findings on urinalysis should prompt further evaluation? | Nitrites |
| The glucose transporter in the proximal tubule: | may be saturated at high filtered glucose loads. |
| Appropriate therapy for prerenal oliguria includes | fluid administration. |
| A patient with gouty arthritis develops renal calculi. The composition of these calculi is most likely to be | uric acid crystals. |
| Osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus control the release of | vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH). |
| A 14-month-old girl is brought to urgent care by her parents for persistent fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. Upon questioning, the parents report that the child has had only one to two wet diapers per day for the last 2 days. The child's weight is noted to be 2 pounds less than her normal weight. This is equivalent to approximately how much fluid loss? | One liter |
| A patient who develops acute renal failure after receiving nephrotoxic antibiotics most likely has postrenal acute renal failure. | False |
| Polycystic kidney disease is | genetically transmitted. |
| The organism most commonly associated with acute pyelonephritis is | Escherichia coli. |
| A patient with chronic renal failure has chronically elevated blood pressure requiring pharmacologic therapy. Which of the following drugs may be inappropriate because it interferes with the mechanisms that maintain GFR | ACE inhibitors |
| Which of the following conditions would result in increased GFR? | Increased glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
| The body compensates for metabolic alkalosis by | hypoventilation |
| Appropriate management of progressive renal failure includes | erythropoietin administration. |
| Renal involvement after streptococcal infection is associated with | an immune complex reaction. |
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