Chapter 1 The Chemistry of Life Vocabulary
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Created by:
nataliefittsy on August 22, 2010
Classes:
Anatomy and Physiology 1 Fall 2012 Dr. Frank
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51 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 element | substance made up of only one kind of atom |
| atom | smallest unit of an element that still has the chemical properties of that element |
| subatomic | small particles that make up atoms, including electrons, protons, and neutrons |
| electron | subatomic particle with a negative electrical charge that exist in clouds around an atom's nucleus |
| proton | subatomic particle in the nuclei of all atoms with a postive electrical charge |
| neutron | subatomic particle with no electrical charge |
| electron shell | arrangement of electrons around an atom's nucleus according to the energy they contain (least energy are closest, most energy are farthest) |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element that contain different number of neutrons |
| chemical bonds | the attraction, sharing, or transfer of outer shell electrons |
| chemical reaction | making or breaking of chemical bonds that forms one or more new substances |
| ion | atom or group of atoms that has acquired a positive or negative charge as a result of gaining or losing electrons |
| ionic bond | attraction between oppositely charged ions |
| covalent bond | chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| hydrogen bond | weak attraction between hydrogen atoms and oxygen, nitrogen, or flourine atoms held together by two strands of DNA in their double helix |
| pH scale | a scale from 0 to 14 reflecting the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution (number less than 7 denotes acidic conditions, number greater than 7 denotes basic conditions) |
| acidic | solution with more H+ |
| basic/alkaline | solution with more OH- |
| organic compounds | carbon compounds in which the carbon atoms are combined with hydrogen and usually oxygen; frequently contain nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus |
| macromolecule | large, complex molecule with backbone formed from long carbon chain |
| carbohydrates | organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that all types of living cells have |
| monosaccharide | simple sugar that can be classified by length of carbon chain |
| disaccharide | double sugar composed of two chemically bonded simple sugars |
| mass number | number of protons and neutrons |
| atomic number | number of protons |
| polar covalent bond | electrons aren't shared equally |
| nonpolar covalent bond | electrons are shared equally |
| biochemistry | chemistry of living organisms |
| molecules | smallest naturally occuring particle of elements or compounds whose atoms are covalently bonded to one another |
| atomic theory | theory that names small particles atoms that is still used today in chemistry and biology |
| diatomic molecule | molecule made up of two atoms |
| compound | substance made of two or more different kinds of atoms |
| ionization | conversion or breaking of a substance into ions by chemical reactions or solution in water |
| neutral | same number of H+ and OH- |
| organic | thought to be formed only by living cells, but now can be synthesized in lab |
| sucrose | disaccharide made of glucose and fructose |
| lactose | disaccharide made of glucose and galactose |
| maltose | disaccharide made of two glucose molecules |
| polysaccharide | complex carbohydrate composed of many sugars bonded in a chain |
| lipids | fats and oils |
| triglyceride | 3 fatty acids+1 glycerol |
| saturated fatty acids | fatty acids in which single bonds join the carbon atoms |
| unsaturated fatty acids | fatty acids in which double bonds join some of the carbon atoms |
| phospholipids | molecule of glycerol combines with two fatty acids and a phosphate group |
| cholesterol | type of fat found in animal-product food which is produced in the human body and is found in the blood stream |
| proteins | structural components of cells, messengers, and receptors of messages between cells |
| enzymes | facilitate reactions in cells |
| amino acids | contain C, H, O, N, and some S; form protein |
| peptide bonds | formed between amino acids |
| polypeptide | long amino acid chains |
| catalyst | any substance that causes a change in the rate of a chemical reaction and remains unaltered by it |
| nucleic acids | macromolecules that dictate the amino acid sequence if proteins (contol the basic life processes that are passed from parent to offspring and store info that determines the genetic characteristics of cells and organisms) |
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