med surg chap 11
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51 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 pain | privetly experienced unpleasant sensationusually associated with disease or illness |
| nociceptive or neuropathic | pain classification if classified according to its source |
| acute or chronic pain | cataegories of pain if classified by onset, intensity, and duration |
| nociceptive pain | noxious stimuli that are transmitted from the point of cellular injury through the spinal cord and to the brain. Subdivided into somatic pain and visceral pain |
| somatic pain | pain caused by mechanical, chemical, thermal, or electrical injuries or disorders affecting bones, joints, muscles, skin, or other tissues (insect bites, paper cut, fracture) |
| visceral pain | pain that arises from internal organs (gas, gallbladder or kidney stones) |
| referred pain | pain perceived in a general area of the body buut not in the exact site where the organ is located |
| neuropathic pain | pain that is processed abnormally by the nervous system from damage to the pain pathways in the peripheral nerves or pain processing centers in the brain |
| acute pain | pain that is short in duration, few seconds up to 6 months |
| chronic pain | pain that last longer then 6 months |
| breakthrough pain | acute pain that chronic pain sufferers may have |
| phases of pain transmission | transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation |
| pain transduction | conversion of chemical information in the cellular environment to electrical impulses that move toward the spinal cord |
| nociceptors | specialized pain receptors located in the free nerve endings of the peripheral sensory nerves |
| pain transmission | phase during which peripheral nerve fibers form synapses with neurons in the spinal cord, then move from spinal cord to higher levels in the brain |
| pain perception | phase of impulse transmission during which the brain experiences pain at a conscious level. |
| pain threshold | point at which the pain transmitting neurochemicals reach the brain, causing awareness |
| hyperalgesia | a lowered pain threshold, pain signals become amplified |
| pain tolerance | amount of pain a person endures once threshold has been reached |
| pain modulation | last phase of pain impulse transmission, during which the brain transmita a response down to the spinal nerves to the point pain was transmitted originally |
| allodynia | exaggerated pain response due to increases sensitivity to stimuli such as air currents, pressure of clothing, vibration |
| pain onset | time or circumstance pain appeared |
| pain quality | sensory experiences and degree of suffering (throbbing, crushing, annoying) |
| pain intensity | magnitude of pain, such as moderate, severe, or a scale of 1 to 10 |
| location of pain | the site of pain (chest, abdomen, jaw) |
| pain duration | time span of the pain |
| controlled substances (Narcotics) | interfere with pain perception centally, at the brain; do not give if resp. below 12 |
| bleeding | undesirable effects of NSAIDS that client needs to watch for |
| narcotics, benzo's, and antidepressants | elderly have an increased risk of falls, sedations and changes in cognitive functioning |
| 1st level of drug therapy | non-opiod and/or adjuvant |
| 2nd level of drug therapy | opiod for mild to moderate pain, non opoid, adjuvant |
| 3rd level of drug therapy | opoid for moderate to severe pain, nonopoid, andjuvant |
| opoids | morphine, oxycodone, demerol, ultram |
| nonopoid analgesics | ibuprofen, aspirin, tylenol |
| analgesics | tegretol, neurontin, ritalin, lidocaine |
| equianalgesic dose | oral dose that provides the same level of pain relief as when drug is given by a parenteral route |
| patient controlled analgesia (PCA) | allows client to self administer medication by means of IV pump system |
| intraspinal analgesia | narcotic or local anesthetic infused into the subrachnoid or epidural space of the spinal cord through a catheter inserted by a physician |
| addiction | a repetitive pattern used to satisfy a craving for a drugs mind altering or mood altering effects |
| drug tolerance | condition in which a client needs increasingly larger doses of a drug to achieve same effect as when drug was first administered |
| physical dependence | when a person experiences physical discomfort known as withdrawl symptoms |
| withdraw symptoms | can happen when a drug taken routinely for some time is abruptly stopped, to avoid drug dosage and frequency needs to be tapered over a period of 1 week or longer |
| adjuvant drug therapy | drugs given to improve analgesic effects, control concurrent symptoms, such as nausea |
| endogenous opiates | endorphins and enkephalins, natural morphine like substance thought to be released by non drug methods such as massage |
| TENS | pain management technique that delivers bursts of electricity to the skin and underlying nerves, pades are placed directly over affected area and along nerve pathways, does not produce systemic side effects or addiction |
| PENS | combines the use of acupuncture needles with TENS, considered superior to TENS in providing pain relief because the needles are located closer to the nerve endings |
| acupuncture | pain management technique that uses long needles are inserted through the skin |
| acupressure | pain manageement technique that uses tissue compression to reduce pain |
| rhizotomy | surgical procedure on the spine that involves sectioning of the posterior (sensory) nerve root just before it enters the spinal cord, prevents sensory impulses from entering the spinal cord and going to the brain, usually is reserved for critically ill clients |
| cordotomy | a surgical procedure that is an interruption of pain pathways in the spinal cord. includes a destruction of sensory nerve tracts in the vertebral column |
| every 3 hours | time frame for scheduling the administration of analgesics, affords a uniform level of pain relief |
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