| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Martin Luther | 1483; justification by faith; Protestant; 95 theses; began the Lutheran religion; respected German monk |
| John Calvin | began the Calvinist religion; predestination; key to Calvinism is social peer pressure |
| justification by faith | Luther's idea that a person could be made just, or good, simply by faith in God's mercy and love |
| indulgences | certificates issued from the Catholic Church that were said to reduce or even cancel punishment for a person's sins as long as one was truly repented; assured admittance into heaven; given for good deeds and sold; relief of guilt for future sins; salvation of dead relatives |
| vocation | callings, in which people serve God and neighbor |
| Pope Leo X | began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church |
| Henry VIII | 1491-1547; created the Church of England to annull his marriage with Catherine of Aragon which is Ferdinand and Isabella's daughter; had Mary, Elizabeth and Edward; protesting the pope's power; wanted the throne to stay in his family |
| Henry VIII | 1534 Act of Supremacy; created the Church of England; made Henry the head of the church; kept Catholic doctrines and forms of worship |
| Catherine of Aragon | marriage: 1509-1532; separated from Mary; banished from court; died four years later from a broken heart; |
| Anne Boleyn | marriage: 1533-1536; Catherine's lady in waiting; has a daughter Elizabeth; still-born son; executed for false treason |
| Jane Seymour | marriage: 1536-1537; Anne's lady in waiting; eleven days after Anne's execution: marry, had Edward: a sickly child; dies 12 days after childbirth |
| Anne of Cleves | marriage: 1540 (Jan-July) Thomas Cromwell (Chief Minister) persuaded Henry to marry her for an alliance with Germany; her father was the duke; ugly; divorced |
| Kathryn Howard | marriage: 1540-1542; Anne Boleyn's cousin; 19, he was 50; accused of having lovers; beheaded with lovers |
| Katherine Parr | marriage: 1543-1547; Henry's companion and nurse in his old age; reunited him with his children who all came back to court before he died |
| First Heir | Edward (his sons) |
| Second Heir | Mary (her sons) |
| Third Heir | Elizabeth (her sons) |
| Fourth Heir | Henry's sister (her sons) |
| Thomas Cranmer | arcchbishop; annulled Henry's marriage to Catherine; wrote the Book of Common Prayer |
| Edward VI gave the throne to | cousin Jane Grey (queen for nine days) Mary proclaimed queen |
| Mary | Catholic; queen in 1533; 37 years old; married her cousin Phillip II of Spain (27 and Catholic) killed 300 Protestants; got a tumor and died; could never get pregnant |
| Elizabeth | Protestant |
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