rise of nations ch12
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42 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Renaissance | 1350-1550; means "rebirth"; began in Italy and spread to Europe; age of recovery from plagues; many intellectual/ artistic achievements occur |
| secular | worldly viewpoint; materialistic |
| da Vinci | master of High Renaissance; mastered art of realistic painting; examined human bodies to see how nature worked; goal was to express perfection of nature/ individ |
| Francesco Sforza | conquered and became new duke; leader of mercenaries |
| mercenaries | soldiers who sold their services to the highest bidder |
| Medici family | ruling family of Florence; controlled gov; formed bank of Italy |
| Cosimo de' Medici | 1434 took control of Florence |
| Lorenzo de' Medici | grandson of Cosimo |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | author of The Prince- most influential works on political power, about how to acquire and keep political power, he rejected ethical side of power; "the ends justify the means" |
| Baldassare Castiglione | wrote The book of the Courtier which gave the characteristics of a perfect Renaissance noble(have character, physical exercise, knowledge, discipline) |
| Dowry | sum of money given by the wife's family to husband upon marriage |
| Humanism | intellectual movement of the Renaissance; based on the study of the classics)literary works of ancient Greece and rome); studied grammar, rheotoric, poetry, moral philosophy, history; humanities/ liberal arts |
| Petrarch | father of Italian Renaissance humanism; looked for Latin manuscripts and set in motion a search for similar manuscripts monastic libraries |
| Dante | author of Divine Comedy- story of soul's journey to salvation |
| Chaucer | The Canterbury Tales- portrays entire range of English society fr high to low born |
| Fresco | painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water based paints |
| Albrecht Durer | German artist influenced by Italians; created Adoration of the Magi; portrayed details; achieved a standard of ideal beauty based on careful examination of human form |
| Protestant Reformation | religious reform movement that divided the western Church into catholic and Protestant groups |
| Martin Luther | began Reformation in early 16th cent; monk, professor; made the 95 theses |
| Christian humanism | belief in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves; read classic works->become pious |
| Desiderius Erasmus | believed Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily bases rather than provide a system of beliefs that people have to practice to be saved; ideas prepared for the Reformation |
| Salvation | acceptance into heaven |
| Indulgence | release from all or part of the punishment for sin |
| Ulrich Zwingli | priest in Zulrich; influenced the council of Zulrich to do religious reforms- relics/ images were abolished; churches had whitewashed walls instead of paintings ; new church service; died in a war between Protestant and Catholic states in Switzerland |
| John Calvin | assumed power after Zwingli died; originated fr France but fleed to Switzerland; published the Institutes of the Christian Religion; leader of Protestantism |
| Predestination | "eternal decree"; God had determined in advance who would be saved (elect) and who would be damned (reprobate) |
| King Henry VIII | created his own religion because he wanted to divorce his wife to have a male heir |
| Annul | declare invalid |
| Loyola | forms jesuits and spreads idea that education should be for all people |
| council of trent | reinfoces Catholic teachings |
| anabaptism | quakers; belive in adult baptism and no fighting(pacifists) |
| edict of worms | outlaws Luther and teachings; excommunicates Luther |
| Michelangelo | accomplished painter, sculptor, architect; master of High Renaissance; created ideal type of human being w/ perfect proportions reflection of divine beauty; made many paintings on ceiling of Sistine Chapel |
| Gutenberg | created printing press > mass production of books influences a desire for knowledge |
| Raphael | 1 of Italy's best painters; master of High Renaissance; created many madonnas (paintings of Virgin Mary); created School of Athens(reveals world of balance, harmony, and order |
| Anglicans | Church of England; created by King Henry VIII; based on Protestant teachings/ more directed to Protestant |
| Spanish Armada | defeated by Queen Elizabeth |
| German Princes | supported Luther in his Reformation, thus influenced the German people to convert to Lutheranism; overthrew papacy in Germany and established a reformed German church |
| Eternal View | desire for salvation |
| Charles VIII of Spain | ruled an immense empire; wanted to keep the empire under the control of his dynasty; had rivalry with king of France led to wars lasting for 20 years; sought peace with Germany in 15555 in the Peace of Augsburg |
| Thomas More | Christian humanist and devout Catholic; opposed King Henry VIII's action and was beheaded |
| Bloody Mary | Mary was Henry VIII's daughter; Catholic who wanted to restore England to Roman Catholicism; more than 300 Protestants were burned |
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