Histology Test 1
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Created by:
drakemc on August 29, 2010
Subjects:
Classes:
SGU SVM Class of 2016 (Jan 2012 entering class), SGU SVM Class of 2014 (August 2010 Entering Class)
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151 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Surrounded by a cell membraneComposed of nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles | What is a cell? |
| Measures 8-10 nm in width Inner electron-dense lamina and electron-lucent intermediate layer Hydrophyllic heads on outside and Hydrophobic tails oppose each other Integral membrane proteins and peripheral membrane proteins Has outer glycocalyx coat (glycolipid and glycoprotein) | Describe a cell membrane or plasmalemma. |
| 1. Selective permeable 2. Receptor sites for antigens 3. Receptor sites for hormones | What are the functions of a cell membrane? |
| Skeletal muscle cells and osteoclasts | Which cells contain more than one nucleus? |
| Mammalian erythrocytes lack nuclei | Which cells have no nucleus? |
| 25 nm-wide | How thick is the nuclear envelope? |
| Chromatin arranged in basophilic clumps (mostly in inactive cells) | What is heterochromatin? |
| Chromatin that is lightly stained and uniformly dispersed, (active form) | What is euchromatin? |
| Sex chromatin, prominent in neutrophils of females | What is a Barr body? |
| When the nucleus is euchromatic, suggestive of a lot of protein synthesis going on | When can you see the nucleolus? |
| Only mature mammalian erythrocytes contain ribosomes | Which cells do not contain ribosomes? |
| Protein synthesis | What is the function of ribosomes? |
| produces secretory vesicles | What is the function of Endoplasmic reticulum? |
| protein synthesis | What is the roughER involved in? |
| synthesis of steroid hormones | What is the smoothEF involved in? |
| Provides site for the accumulation, concentration and packaging of secretory proteins into membrane bound vesicles | What is the function of the Golgi complex? |
| lysosome that gets rid of old or no longer active organelles | What is an autophagosome? |
| lysosome that gets rid of foreign bodies | What is a heterophagosome? |
| Contents of secondary lysosomes that accumulate in cells and can be used to tell cell age | What is lipofuscin? |
| They synthesize and destroy hydrogen peroxide | What do peroxisomes do? |
| Janus Green B | What is mitochondria stained with? |
| Chief source of energy for the cell, indicates cell is active | What is the function of mitochondria? |
| Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules embedded in the cytoplasmic matrix or cytosol | What is the cytoskeleton composed of? |
| Endocytosis, exocytosis, and cell migratory activity | What membrane activities are associated with microfilaments? |
| Provide strength and shape of the cell | What do intermediate filaments do? |
| Important for transport of organelles and vesicles and cell division | What do microtubules do? |
| Glycogen Lipid Melanin Hemosiderin Lipofuscin | What are some cytoplasmic inclusions? |
| Tight Junctions | What type of junction is found in epithelial cells, has transmembrane proteins, and is common in the branching and reunited of blood vessels? |
| Zonula adherens, desmosomes or macula adherens, and hemidesmosomes | What are the three Adhering junctions? |
| Cells held together by transmembrane protein, bundle of actin filaments run parallel to junctional cell membrane. Common in lining of intestines. | What is a zonula adherens junction? |
| Strong junction with transmembrane proteins and intercellular electron-dense plaque. Intermediate filaments form hairpin loop | What is a desmosome or macula adherens? |
| Cell to basement membrane connection | What is a hemidesmosome junction? |
| Communicating (gap) junctions | What junction permits direct passage of inorganic ions, bridged by interlocking transmembrane proteins and common in muscles? |
| Composed of nine doublet microtubules around two central microtubules. Found in respiratory and male and female system | What is cilia and where is it found? |
| cytoplasmic evagination of cells to increase the free surface for absorption, found in small intestine | What is the function of microvilli? |
| Long, rigid microvilli of the spiral organ (corti) of the inner ear, non-moving | What are stereocilia? |
| Protection, absorption, secretion, and diffusion | What are the functions of epithelium? |
| Lamina lucida, lamina densa (basalis), subbasal lamina | What does the basement membrane consist of? |
| Simple epithelium | What is a layer of epithelium that is a single layer? |
| Stratified epithelium | What is a layer of epithelium that is two or more layers? |
| Simple squamous epithelium, common in blood vessels and liver epithelium | What epithelium layer is single, thin and flat with the nucleus looking slightly elevated (bulging)? |
| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, common in trachea and bronchi | What epithelium layer is composed of a single layer of cells of different shapes giving the impression of stratified epithelium? |
| Stratified squamous epithelium, skin and cornea | What epithelium is several layers thick with the most superficial being squamous? |
| lining of the excretory duct of glands | Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium usually found? |
| parotid and mandibular gland ducts | Where is stratified columnar epithelium usually found? |
| urinary bladder and urethra | Where is transitional epithelium found? |
| Secretory epithelium and duct system (parenchyma) with supportive connective tissue (stroma) | What is a gland? |
| Endocrine (ductless) and Exocrine (system of ducts) | What are the two types of glands? |
| straight (large intestine) coiled (sweat gland) branched (stomach) | What are the three types of simple tubular glands? |
| sebaceous gland | Where are simple alveolar or acinar glands found? |
| large sebaceous gland | Where are simple branched acinar or alveolar glands found? |
| minor salivary gland of oral cavity | Where are tubulo-acinar (alveolus) glands found? |
| compound tubular, compoud alveolar (parotid gland) and compound tubulo-alveolar (pancreas) | What types of compound glands are there? |
| Serous glands | These glands produce a thin, watery secretion. |
| Mucous glands | These glands produce a thick, viscous (mucin) secretion. |
| Seromucous or mixed glands | These glands have both serous and mucous acini. |
| secretory granules enclosed in a membrane, exocytosed | What type of secretory release is merocine? |
| membrane bound granule with rim of cytoplasm and plasmalemma, released at apex of cell e.g. sweat and mammary gland | What type of secretory release is apocrine? |
| entire cell is released as secretory product e.g. sebaceous gland | What type of secretory release is holocrine? |
| Material is secreted from cell to the cytoplasm of another cell e.g. transfer of melanin pigment | What type of secretory release is cytocrine? |
| Cells, fibers and amorphous ground substance | What is connective tissue composed of? |
| Mesenchymal cells | CT cells found adjacent to blood vessels Irregularly shaped Can differentiate into any other type of cell |
| Fibroblast cells | Most common CT cells, active and quiescent forms Responsible for synthesis of fibers Wound repair |
| Myofibroblast | Fibroblast cells that contain actin filament Contraction during wound healing |
| Reticular cells | Ct cells that are stellate-shaped Spherical nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm Produce reticular fibers |
| Unilocular adipocytes | CT cells filled with large lipid droplets Nucleus is displaced to periphery |
| Multilocular adipocytes | CT cells filled with multiple lipid droplets Nucleus is centrally located "brown fat" |
| Pericytes | Elongated CT cells located near the endothelium lining small blood vessels Contain actin and myosin Have potential to transform into other cells Participate in healing |
| Mast Cells | Common in loose CT and abundant around blood vessels Stain red Produce heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine |
| Plasma cells | CT cells abundant in lymphatic tissues Have spherical, eccentric nucleus (cart wheel like appearance) Cytoplasm very basophilic |
| Macrophage | CT cells that are phagocytic Located in blood, migrate across blood vesel walls into CT Contain cytoplasmic vacuoles and numerous lysosomes |
| pigment cells | Cells containing pigment |
| Leucophytes | White blood cells Migrate through capillary walls to CT |
| tendon, ligament, and organ capsule | Where are collagen fibers located? |
| Collagen fibers | Most abundant fibers in mature CT Made of fibrous protein Strong and flexible but inelastic Have a wavy arrangement |
| Reticular proteins | These fibers form the framework of liver, endocrine, and lymphatic organs Fibers are individual collagen fibrils (type III collagen) coated with proteoglycans and glycoproteins |
| Elastic fibers | Fibers present in structures that require elasticity Located in aorta, lungs, pinna of ear Composed of elastin protein, covered by glycoprotein (fibrillin) |
| glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans | What is amorphous ground substance composed of? |
| Mesenchymal CT | CT found in various types of adult CT, composed of mesenchymal cells and amorphous fluid-filled ground substance |
| Mucous or gelatinous CT | CT found in umbilical cord and papillae of bovine glans penis, composed of stellate fibroblasts, AGS with collagen fibers |
| Loose or areolar CT | CT found beneath epithelium, around blood vessels and nerves, and in serous membranes. Ground substance predominates |
| Dense CT | CT found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeurosis, capsules of organs, and deep layer of the dermis |
| Elastic tissue | CT found in nuchal ligament and vocal ligament, composed of elastic fibers |
| Reticular tissue | CT found in spleen, lymph node, and liver composed of reticular cells and reticular fibers |
| Adipose tissue | CT found in loose CT of mesenteries and around blood vessels and nerves. Composed of adipocytes |
| Cartilage | CT tissue lacks blood vessels and is composed of cartilage cells |
| Chondroblast | CT cells found in growing cartilage. Oval shaped with a spherical nucleus |
| Chondrocyte | CT cell located in the lacuna of cartilage |
| fibers and gound substance containing proteoglycans and GAGs. The matrix shows marked metachromasia | What is the cartilage matrix composed of? |
| Articular surfaces of bones, nose and trachea | Where is hyaline cartilage found? |
| Occur singly in a lacuna or in clusters called isogenous groups | How are chondrocytes arranged in cartilage? |
| Pinna and epiglottis | Where is elastic cartilage found? |
| Intervertebral discs and menisci and lacks a distinct perichondrium | Where is fibrocartilage found? |
| Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts | What are the three cell types in bones? |
| Osteoblast | Bone forming cell that varies from columnar to squamous in shape and secretes osteoid. |
| Osteocytes | Mature bones that lie in a lacuna. |
| Osteoclast | A large multinucleated cell located in the area of bone resorption, bone eating cell |
| Consists of fibrous and osteogenic layers and lines outside of bone | What is periosteum? |
| Lines the marrow cavity with a single layer of squamous cells | What is endosteum? |
| Compact bone | What type of bone forms the outer shells of the diaphysis and epiphysis? |
| Spongy bone | What type of bone consists of delicate bony plates and spicules? |
| Compact bone | What type of bone consists of haversian canals (osteons), circumferential lamellae, and interstitial lamellae? |
| Intramembranous ossification | How are bones in the skull formed? (excluding the base of the skull) |
| Intracartilagenous or endochondral ossification | How are most bones in the body formed? |
| Skeletal muscles | What type of muscle tissue is striated, voluntary and have multiple oval nuclei located peripherally? |
| Cardiac muscle | What type of muscle tissue is striated, involuntary, single nucleus, and Purkinje fibers? |
| Smooth muscle | What type of muscle is non-striated, involuntary, and single nucleus? |
| Satellite cells | What type of cells are located adjacent to myocytes and are activated upon injury to initiate some regeneration of muscle fibers? |
| Red muscle fibers | What type of muscle fibers are known as slow twitch fibers (rich in myoglobin and mitochondria)? |
| White muscle fibers | What type of muscle fibers are known as fast twich and have few mitochondria? |
| neurons and neuroglia | What are the two types of cells that are in nervous tissue? |
| Brain and spinal cord | The central nervous system is made up of _____ and ______. |
| cranial, spinal | The peripheral nervous system is made up of _______ and _______ nerves. |
| visceral organs | What does the autonomic nervous system innervate? |
| Layers that surround the central nervous system and roots of the peripheral nerves | What are meninges? |
| Cavities of brain and spinal cord | Where is CSF present? |
| Cell body (perikaryon) and nueronal processes (axon and dendrites) | What makes up a neuron? |
| braind and spinal cord | Where are multipolar neurons found? |
| bipolar cells of the retina | Where are bipolar neurons found? |
| sensory ganglia | Where are unipolar neurons found? (also called pseudopolar neurons) |
| Cats and rodents | In what animals is a sex chromatin evident in the vicinity of the nucleolus of a nerve cell body? |
| lipofuscin | What pigments are residue of lysosomal activity and is used to tell age in nerve cells? |
| Nissl substance and numerous mitochondria | What are some things commonly found in nerve cell cytoplasm? |
| Dendrites | What processes of nerve cell bodies are devoid of golgi complexes, have a think band of electron dense material associated with plasmalemma, and have spines called gemmules? |
| chromatophilic substance (nissl substance) | The axon cytoplasm is devoid of what? |
| neurotransmitter molecules stored within a synaptic vesicle | What does each terminal branch of an axon (terminal bulb) contain? |
| Contact between two neurons or b/t neurons and effector cells | What are synapses? |
| Axo-somatic Axo-dendritic Axo-axonic | What are the three types of synapses? |
| Gliocytes, provide structural and functional support | What is another name for Neuroglial cells and what is their function? |
| Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglial cells Ependymal cells | Which neuroglial cells are in the CNS? |
| Neurolemmocytes (Shwann cells) which myelinate axons | Which neuroglial cells are in the PNS? |
| Binds neurons to capillaries and the pia mater | What is the function of astrocytes? |
| fibrous astrocytes | What is the term for astrocytes in the white matter? |
| protoplasmic astrocytes | What is the term for astrocytes in the grey matter? |
| Produces a meylin sheath which provides electrical insulation for neurons in the CNS | What is the function of Oligodendrocytes? |
| Schwann cells, produce myelin sheaths in PNS | What do neurolemmoctyes do? |
| Phagocytic cells derived from bone marrow | What are microglial cells? |
| Facilitate the movement of CSF | What is the function of ependymal cells? |
| Aggregations of nerve cell bodies along the course of peripheral nerves | What are ganglia? |
| cranial nerves or dorsal root of spinal nerves, contain cell bodies of unipolar neurons | What are sensory ganglia associated with? |
| accumulations of multipolar nerve cells along autonomic nerves, have eccentric nuclei | What are autonomic ganglia? |
| Exteroreceptors (body surface), Enteroreceptors (viscera), and Proprioceptors (musculoskeletal structures) | What are the three types of receptors by location? |
| Mechanoreceptors Chemoreceptors Thermoreceptors | What are the three types of stimulus? |
| 40-50 nm | What is the distance between a motor end plate and and the corresponding trough of the muscle sole plate in a neuromuscular synapse? |
| Patches of nerve cell bodies | What does nuclei of the brain refer to? |
| Molecular layer External granular layer External pyramidal layer Internal granular layer Internal pyramidal layer Fusiform layer | What are the layers of the cerebral cortex from outer layer to inner layer? |
| The grey is outside and the white inside | How are the grey and white matter arranged in the cerebellum? |
| Outer molecular layer Inner granular layer Intermediate Purkinje cell layer | What are the three layers of the cerebellar cortex? |
| Subarachnoid space | What space of the meninges is the CSF obtained from in an epidural? |
| Covering of the brain and spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater) | What are the meninges? |
| Choroid plexus | Where is the cerebrospinal fluid produced? |
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