Biology Quiz 1
About this set
Created by:
cgleeson0001 on August 29, 2010
Subjects:
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
152 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Scientific Method | 1. Observe 2. Question 3. Hypothesize 4. Experiment 5. Results 6. Conclude and report |
| Hierarchical Organization | 1. Atoms 2. Molecules 3. Cells 4. Organisms 5. Populations 6. Communities 7. Ecosystems 8. Biosphere |
| Experimental group | a group that receives the treatment |
| Control group | no treatment |
| scientific theory | hypothesis that has not been disproven for many years of rigourous testing, and is not useful for making predictions about other phenomena |
| hypothesis | testable explanation of a natural phenomenon |
| biology | systematic study of life |
| nature | everything in the universe except what humans have manufactured |
| atom | particle that is a fundamental building block of all matter |
| molecules | an association of two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds |
| cell | smallest unit that has the properties of life |
| organism | individual that consists of one or more cells |
| population | a group of organisms of the same species who live in a specific location and breed with one another more often than they breed with members of other populations |
| community | all populations of all species in a given area |
| ecosystem | a community interacting with its environment |
| biosphere | all regions of earth where organisms live |
| emergent property | a characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of a system's component parts. |
| energy | capacity to do work |
| nutrient | substance that an organism needs for growth and survival, but cannot make for itself. |
| producers | make their own food using energy and single raw materials they get directly from their environment |
| consumer | organism that gets energy and carbon by feeding on tissues, wastes, or remains of other organisms. |
| receptor | molecule or structure that responds to a specific form of stimulation. |
| homeostasis | set of processes by which an organism keeps its internal conditions within tolerable ranges |
| inheritance | transmission of dna from parents to offspring |
| dna | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| growth | increases in the number, size, and volume of cells in multicelled species |
| development | multistep process by which the first cell of a new individual becomes a multicelled adult |
| reproduction | process by which parents produce offspring |
| animal | multicelled consumer that develops through a series of embryonic stages and moves about during part or all of the life cycle. |
| archaen | a member of the prokaryotic domain archaea |
| bacterium | a member of the prokaryotic domain bacteria |
| critical thinking | mental process of judging information before accepting it |
| eukaryote | organism whose cells characteristically have nucleus |
| fungus | type of eukaryotic consumer that obtains nutrients by digestion and absorption outside the body |
| genus | a group of species that share a unique set of traits |
| plant | a multicelled, typically photosynthetic producer |
| prokaryote | single-celled organism in which the dna is not contained in a nucleus |
| protist | diverse group of simple eukaryotes |
| science | systematic study of nature |
| species | a type of organism |
| law of nature | generalization that describes a consistent natural phenomenon for which there is incomplete scientific explanation |
| model | system similar to an object or event that cannot itself be tested |
| prediction | a statement, based on a hypothesis, about a condition that should exist if the hypothesis is not wrong |
| experiment | a test designed to support or falsify a prediction |
| variable | a characteristic or event that differs among individuals. |
| sampling error | difference between results derived from testing an entire group of events or individuals and results derived from testing a subset of the group |
| statistically significant | refers to a result that is statistically unlikely to have occured by chance. |
| atomic structure | consists of electrons moving around a nucleus of protons and neutrons |
| atomic number | number of protons in the atomic nucleus |
| atomic mass | total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
| atom | particle that is a fundamental building block of matter |
| ion | atom that carries a charge because it has an unequal number of protons and electrons |
| element | a pure substance that consists only of atoms with the same number of protons. |
| covalent bond | chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons |
| ionic bond | type of chemical bond in which a strong mutual attraction forms between ions of opposite charge |
| hydrogen bond | attraction that forms between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a separate covalent bond |
| properties of water | Hydrophilic, hydrophobic, solvent, solute |
| hydrophilic | describes a substance that dissolves easily in water |
| hydrophobic | describes a substance that resists dissolving in water |
| solute | a dissolved substance |
| solvent | liquid that can dissolve other substances |
| acid | substance that releases hydrogen ions in water (0-7) |
| 4 protein structures | 1. primary structure (polypeptide formation) 2. Secondary-hydrogen bonds twist polypeptide into coil 3. Tertiary-folds into functional shape 4. Quaternary-2 or more polypeptides function as a molecule |
| base | substance that accepts hydrogen ions in water (7-14) |
| electron shell capacity | 1st shell-2 2 shells or more-8 |
| charge | electrical property of some subatomic particles |
| electron | negatively charged subatomic particle that occupies orbitals around the atomic nucleus |
| isotopes | forms of an element that differ in the number of neutron their atoms carry |
| neutron | uncharged subatomic particle in the atomic nucleus |
| nucleus | core of an atom |
| proton | positively charged subatomic particle that occurs in the nucleus of all atoms |
| radioactive decay | process by which atoms of a radioisotope spontaneously emit energy and subatomic particles when their nucleus disintegrates |
| radioisotope | isotope with an unstable nucleus |
| tracer | molecule with a detectable label |
| chemical bond | attractive force that arises between two atoms when their electrons interact |
| molecule | group of two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds |
| nonpolar | having an even distribution of charge |
| polar | having uneven distribution of charge |
| polarity | any separation of charge into distinct positive and negative regions |
| cohesion | tendency of molecules to stick together |
| evaporation | transition of a liquid to a gas |
| pH | measure of the number of hydrogen ions in a fluid |
| salt | compound that dissolves easily in water and releases ions other than H+ and OH- |
| buffer | set of chemicals that can keep the pH of a solution stable by alternately donating and accepting ions that contribute to pH |
| organic | type of molecule that consists primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms |
| carbohydrate | molecule that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio |
| condensation | process by which enzymes build large molecules from smaller subunits |
| hydrolysis | process by which an enzyme breaks a molecule into smaller subunits by attaching a hydroxl group to one part and a hydrogen atom to the other |
| metabolism | all the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules |
| monomer | molecule that is a subunit of polymers |
| polymer | molecule that consists of multiple monomers |
| amino acid | smaller organic compound with a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a characteristic side group (R). |
| fat | lipid with one, two, or three fatty acid tails |
| fatty acid | organic compound that consists of a long chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end |
| lipid | fatty, oily, or waxy organic compound |
| phospholipid | a lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, and two nonpolar fatty acid tails |
| protein | organic compound that consists of one or more chains of amino acids |
| saturated fat | fatty acid with no double bonds in its carbon tail |
| steroid | a type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails |
| triglyceride | a lipid with three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol backbone |
| unsaturated fat | lipid with at least one double bond in a fatty acid tail |
| wax | water-repellent lipid with long fatty acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings |
| denature | to unravel the shape of a protein or other large biological molecule |
| peptide bond | a bond between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another |
| polypeptide | chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| atp | nucleotide that consists of an adenine base, five-carbon ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups |
| dna | nicleic acid that carries hereditary material |
| nucleic acid | chains of nucleotides joined by sugar-phosphate bonds |
| nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids |
| prion | infectious protein |
| rna | typically single-stranded nucleic acid |
| components of cell theory | cell theory is the fundamental theory of biology, all organisms consist of one or more cells, the cell is the smallest unit of life, each new cell arises from another cell, a cell passes hereditary information to its offspring |
| structure of prokaryotic cell | cell wall, ribosome, flagellum, pilus |
| prokaryotes | single-celled organisms with no nucleus, but many have a cell wall and one or more flagella or pill |
| eukaryotes | Has a nucleus, ribosomes, organelles of the endomembrane system, mitochondria, and other organelles |
| cytoplasm | semifluid substance enclosed by a cell's plasma membrane |
| lipid bilayer | structural foundation of cell membranes |
| nucleoid | region of cytoplasm where the dna is concentrated iside a prokaryotic cell |
| nucleus | organelle with two membranes that holds a eukaryotic cell's dna |
| organelle | structure that carries out a specialized metabolic function inside a cell |
| plasma membrane | a cell's outermost membrane |
| cell | smallest unit of life |
| surface-to-volume ratio | a relationship in which the volume of an object increases with the cube of the diameter, but the surface area increases with the square |
| adhesion protein | membrane protein that helps cells stick together in tissues |
| enzyme | molecule that speeds a chemical process without being changed by it |
| fluid mosaic model | a cell membrane can be considered a 2-d fluid of mixed composition |
| receptor protein | plasma membrane protein that binds to a particular substance outside of the cell |
| recognition protein | plasma membrane protein that tags a cell as belonging to self (one's own body) |
| transport protein | protein that probably or actively assists specific ions or molecules across a membrane |
| biofilm | community of different type of microorganisms living within a shared mass of slime |
| cell wall | semirigid, but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells |
| flagellum | long, slender cellular structure that surround the plasma membrane of some cells |
| pilus | a protein filament that projects from the surface of some bacterial cells |
| ribosome | organelle of protein synthesis |
| endomembrane system | series of interacting organelles between nucleus and plasma membrane |
| endoplasmic reticulum | organelle that is a continuous system of sacs and tubes |
| golgi body | organelle that modifies polypeptides and lipids |
| lysosomes | enzyme-filled vesicle that functions in intracellular digestion |
| mitochondrion | double-membraned organelle that produces atp |
| nuclear envelope | a double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus |
| peroxisome | enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances |
| vacuole | a fluid-filled organelle that isolates or disposes of waste debris, or toxic materials |
| vesicle | small, membrane-enclosed, saclike organelle, different kinds store, transport, or degrade contents |
| chloroplast | organelle of photosynthesis |
| cilium | short, moveable structure that projects from the plasma membrane of some eukaryotic cells and their internal structures |
| intermediate filament | cytoskeletal element that locks cells and tissues together |
| microfilament | reinforcing cytoskeletal element |
| microtubule | cytoskeletal element involved in movement |
| motor protein | type of energy-using protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements to move the cell's parts or the cell |
| pseudopod | extendable lobe of membrane-enclosed cytoplasm |
| cell junction | stucture that connects a cell to another cell or to extracellular matrix |
| extracellular matrix | complex mixture of substances secreted by cells |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.