| Term | Definition |
| Nietzsche | The strong must reproduce, week die out. Ubermensche. |
| Hagal | Thesis-Antithesis: Synthesis. Humanity improves everyday. |
| Decart | Rationalism-knowledge w/o experience. "I think therefore I am." |
| Bentham | Utilitarianism. Greatest good. |
| Comte | Scientific method to control society "Positivism" |
| Fourier | 12 passions/urges should be expressed |
| Schiller | Beauty(art) helps to rise above impulses |
| Nihilism | No god, afterlife, good evil, purpose in life. Freedom is the ultimate goal. |
| Sobernost | Communal collective: love, sin, suffering = perfect community |
| Pro/Contra | Suffering = journey from evil to good. Salvation = inner transformation towards Christ likeness. |