Chapter Five Vocabulary
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33 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Polymer | A naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers. |
| Monomer | A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers |
| Double Helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape. |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis. |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics |
| Condensation Reaction/Dehydration Synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules join together to form a single molecule. |
| Starch | A complex carbohydrate found chiefly in seeds, fruits, tubers, roots and stem pith of plants, notably in corn, potatoes, wheat, and rice. |
| Glycogen | One form in which body fuel is stored. |
| Nucleotide | Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. |
| Monosaccharide | A sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars. |
| Fatty Acid | An organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils. |
| Steroid | A type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached and that usually has a physiological action. |
| Cholesterol | An animal sterol that is normally synthesized by the liver. |
| Polysaccharide | Any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules. |
| Hydrolysis | A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water; an essential process in digestion. |
| Carbohydrate | An essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals. |
| Triacylglycerol | Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule. |
| Nucleic Acid | An organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information. |
| Gene | Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait. |
| Disaccharide | A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis. |
| Lipid | An oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. |
| Alpha Helix | A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure. |
| Pyrimidine | A heterocyclic organic compound with a penetrating odor. |
| Ribose | A pentose sugar important as a component of ribonucleic acid. |
| Celluose | Serves as building materials in plant cell walls and prevents the plant from bending over. |
| Chitin | Complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods. |
| Peptide Bond | The primary linkage of all protein structures. |
| Beta Pleated Sheet | One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypepetide chain folds back and forth. two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds. |
| Purine | A colorless crystalline nitrogen-containing organic base. |
| Protein | Macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes. |
| Polypeptide | A peptide containing 10 to more than 100 amino acids. |
| Amino Acid | Monomer that makes up proteins; contains carboxyl and amino functional groups. |
| Primary Structure | The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids. |
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