| Term | Definition |
|---|
| notochord | what does chordate refer to |
| urochordata, cephalochordata, vertebrata | what are the three subphyla of chordata |
| notochord | skeletal rod of cartilage or bone that runs along the entire lenght of the animal dorsally |
| dorsal tubular nerve cord | where the anterior end is expanded as the brain |
| pharyngeal pouches | opening between the pharyngeal region of digestive system and outside of the body |
| some | do all organisms retain pharyngeal pouches/gill slits as adults? |
| function of the endostyle or thyroid gland | secretes mucus that traps small food particles brought into the pharyngeal cavity |
| post anal tail | function to improve mobility/serve as a propelletion of an animal |
| sea squids, tunicates, ascidians | examples of organisms in subphylum Urochordata are ___________,__________, ___________ |
| lancelets, amphioxus, branchiostoma, 5, simplest, common ancestor | Subphylum Cephalochordata are common called ___________ or ________, have a representative genus of _____________, exhibit all ____ chordate characteristics in their _________ form and indentified as evolving from a _______________ |
| agnatha, gnathostomata | what are the two superclasses of the subphylum vertebrata |
| Lamprey, Hagfish | Example of an agnatha |
| reptile, mammal, birds | examples of gnathostomata |
| vertebrates, closed, red blood cells, oxygen, 2, deoxygenated and oxygenated blood | Phylum chordata subphylum vertebrate: Fishes are the earliest ___________. The circulatory system of the fishes is _______ and they are the first to have ______________ to carry _______ and they have a ___ chambered heart which allows ____________________ to mix |
| medial, cartilaginous, vertebra, eel | The superclass Agnatha has _______ fins, ___________ skeleton, no _________, no scales, and an ______-like body |
| biting mouth with teeth | describe the mouth in the Agnatha |
| degenerate eyes/mostly blind | Describe the eyes in the Agnatha |
| escape predators | Agnatha produce large amounts of slime to? |
| Ammocoete, metamorphosis | Class petromyzontida have long larval stages 3-7 years.. called __________, then when the time is right they ___________ rapidly into an adult |
| parasites | Are lamprey free living or parasites? |
| Gnathostomata | What superclass are Chondichthyes, Actinopterogii, and Sarcopterygii in? |
| Sharks, Rays, Skates | Class Chondrichthyes examples are _______,______, and ________ |
| ray | Class Actinopterygii are commonly called _____-finned fish |
| lobed | Class Sarcopterygii are commonly called ______-finned fish |
| gill arches | Embryological evidence indicates that jaws evolved from the skeletal structures called _____ _______ supporting the gills |
| trachea, middle | In mammals, including man, the gill arches that develop during the early stages of the embryo, eventualy develop into the cartilage of the ________ and the bones of the _________ ear |
| oviparous | internal fertilization |
| ovoviparous | some lay eggs as they hatch and all nourishment comes from the yolk |
| vivoparous | some have live born young nourished by a placenta |
| heterocercal, placoid | Class Chondrichthyes (sharks) have a moon shaped ___________ tail and scales that have a tooth like appearance called ________ |
| liver | what organ aids the shark in buoyancy |
| buoyancy | what is the function of a swim bladder in the ray finned fish |
| actinopterygii | which class is the largest group of vertebrates that most likely evolved in freshwater |
| Characteristics of sarcopterygii | lungs and gills, fleshy paires lobed find, diohycercal tail, lung fish |
| diphycercal | subclass Sarcopterygii have a spear shaped tail called? |
| tetrapods | terrestrial vertebrates |
| lobed fish | it is thought that lungs may have evolved frin the _____ _____ |
| eusthenopteron, acanthostega, icnthyostego | 3 possible ancestors of the amphibians |
| eusthenopteron | perhaps could walk, although movement of fin was limited |
| acanthostega | well developed tera pods (4) legs feet with digits limbs probably not strong enough to allow walking on land |
| Icnthyostego | well developed pectoral girdle |
| oxygen more readily available, wider range of habitats | what are the two advantages if living on land |
| gymnophiona, urodela, anura | what are the three orders of modern amphibians |
| gymnophiona | caecilians are examples of? |
| urodela | salamanders and newts are examples of? |
| anura | frogs and toads are examples of? |
| 3 | how many chambers does the amphibian heart have? |
| atrium contraction | What keeps the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing |
| systemic, pulmonary | What are the 2 circuits of the double circulatory systems in amphibians? |
| systemic circuit | heart-body-heart |
| pulmonary circuit | heart-lungs-heart |
| water | Amphibians breed and lay their eggs where? |
| mucus glands | What helps keep the amphibians skin moist? |
| oxygen | Amphibians moist skin aids in the transference of? |
| smell, sight | what sensory organs do amphibians have? |
| dioecious, internal/external fertilization, oviparous | what kind of reproduction do amphibians have |
| double circulatory system | how do amphibians get air into their lungs |
| ectotherms | what is the term for variable body temperature |
| indirect | What type of development do amphibians have? |
| only adult goes on land | Describe difference between the juvenille and adult amphibians |
| reptilia, terrestrial | Phylum Chordata: class _______ 1st group of truly ________ vertebrates known as amniotes spend their entire life on land |
| skull, temporal | Evolution of amniotes: separated based on anatomy of ______ specifically looking at the _______ opening behind the eye orbits |
| anapsida | no temporal opening |
| diapsida | 2 temporal openings |
| synapsida | 1 temporal opening |
| amniotic | amniotes refers to animals that have amnion fluid that protects the embryo and develop within an ________ egg |
| yolk sac, amnion, allantois, chorion | what are the 4 parts of the extraembryonic membranes |
| yolk sac | encloses the yolk |
| amnion | fluid filled sac which encloses the embryo and provides aqueous environment |
| chorion | outermost membrane just beneath the egg shell and assist in gas exchange |
| allantois and chorion | What 2 extraembryonic membrance fuse together |
| chorioallantoic membrane | highly vascularized; serve as a temporary lung |
| anthrasocauria | reptilia perhaps evolved from the amphibian like _____________ |
| use the environment | How do reptiles regulate their body heat? |
| ectothermic | term for amphibians body regulation |
| uric acid | reptiles excrete _____ _____ rather than urea |
| scaly, keratin, epidermis | reptiles have dry _____ skin for protection against dessication and physical injury primarily composed of ______. The origin of these scales that cover the reptilian body originate from the _______ region and are shed periodically |
| carapace, plastron | the subclass anapsida has a ____________ (upper shell) and a _____ (lower shell) |
| lungs | how do reptiles get air into their body |
| flexible, jaws | Order squamata: snakes have ________ tissues joined halves of the lower ___ thus accommodating swallowing large prey |
| heat sensitive | what is the function of the pit organ in pit vipers |
| temperature, sex | Order crocodilia: crocodiles/alligators the incubation ___________ of eggs determines _____ ratio of the offspring |
| alligator | "U" shaped nose and lower teeth obscured |
| crocodile | "V" shaped nose and both upper and lower teeth are visible |
| therapods | the ancestors of the phylum chordata class aves are bipedal dinosaurs called the ____________ |
| yes | is archaeopterx a living animal |
| characteristics aves share with reptiles | single occipital condyle, single middle ear bone, shelled amniotic eggs, uric acid excreted, 5-6 bones in lower jaws |
| characteristics associated with flying | forearms, feathers of epidermal origin, skeletal strucutures with air cavities, lungs with air sacs, no urinary bladder, molting |
| epidermis, cylinder | feathers originate from the _________ like scales and roll up into a ________ shape instead of a flat scale |
| shaft, quill, barb, barbule | what are the 4 parts of a feather |
| contour, down, filoplume, powder down | what are the 4 types of feathers |
| contour | flight feather |
| filoplume | hair like and degenerate feathers |
| down | soft tufts lack hooks and hidden beneatht the contour feathers |
| powder down | type of feathers degenerate as they grow releasing talc-like powder that helps in water proofing |
| stapes | single middle ear bone |
| nucleated | what type of blood cells do birds have? |
| uric acid | birds excrete _____ ______ |
| air sacs | bird respiratory system has _____ ______ along with lungs |
| artic tern | what birds makes the longest known migration from the artic to the antartic |
| nocturnal, light colors, evaporative cooling | how do birds adapt in hot environments |
| endotherms | are birds endotherms or ectotherms |
| thermogenesis | increase heat prodution |
| shivering, non-shivering thermogenesis | what are the two ways endotherms perform thermogenesis |
| eliptical, forrested | birds such as the sparrows have ________ wings maneuver in ________ habitats |
| high-speed, flight | birds such as the swallow have ____________wings and will feed during ______ |
| dynamic soaring, oceans | birds such as the albatrose have ____________ wings and use the strong winds over the ______ |
| high lifts, large | birds such as the eagle have ____________ wings and are designed to carry _____ loads because they are predators |
| large flightless birds, flat sternum, poor pectoral muscles | What are the characteristics of the flightless birds |
| rhea | example of the flightless south american bird |
| carinate | what is the name of the group of flying birds with a keeled sternum |
| synapsid | what is the ancestor of mammals that was a reptilian group |
| secondary palate | a bony cartilaginous plate that separates the air and food passages |
| sweat glands | mammary glands are modified ______ ________ |
| permanent | diphyodont meaning deciduous teeth are replaced by __________ teeth |
| keratin, hooves, nails, feathers | hair is composed of __________ and is the same protein found in horses ________, fingers_____ & ___________ of birds |
| no | are true horns shed |
| yes | are antlers shed |
| monotremes, marsupials, placentals | what are the three groups of mammals |
| monotremes | animals will lay eggs with large yolks |
| marsupials | female with primitive placenta during gestation period |
| placentals | embryo attached to uterine wall by way of the placenta until born |
| lay eggs | does the duck-billed platypus give birth or lay eggs? |
| blastocyst, trophoblast, 6, muscle contraction, placenta | the zygote that has begun cleavage forms the ________which is an inner embryo and the outer____ which will travel taking __ days to reach uterus, the egg travels toward the uterus by ciliary action and ___________. once in the uterus the trophoblast will sink into the uterine lining and form the _________ |
| heterodont | variable teeth |
| molars | crushing grinding teeth |
| incisors | biting teeth |
| canines | piercing teeth |
| insectivores, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores | what are the 4 types of nutritional groups |
| cecum | fermentation of cellulose by bacterial action |
| ruminants, stomach | _________ animals such as cattle, sheep, deer have a 4-chambered _______ |
| digestive tract, cecum | insectivores and carnivores have a short ______________ and a reduced or absent ______ compared to herbivores |
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