Bio Psy Ch 4-terms.
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Created by:
icallensworth on September 3, 2010
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Dr. Gwen Fall 2010
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72 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 central nervous system | brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | consists of the the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord |
| somatic nervous system | consists of the axons conveying mesages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles and glands |
| autonomic nervous system | set of neurons that regulates functioning of the internal organs |
| dorsal | located towards the back away from the ventral (stomach) side |
| ventral | located toward the stomach away from the back (dorsal) |
| Bell-Magendie law | observation that the dorsal roots of the spinal cord carry sensory information and that the ventral roots carry motor information towards the muscles and glands |
| dorsal root ganglia | set of sensory neuron somata on the dorsal side of the spinal cord |
| gray matter | areas of the nervous system with a high density of cell bodies and dendrites with few myelinated axons |
| white matter | area of the nervous system consisting mostly of myelinated axons |
| sympathetic nervous system* | network of nerves that prepare the body's organs for vigorous activity, consists of chains of ganglia just to the left and right of the spinal cords central regions |
| parasympathetic nervous system | system of nerves that facilitate vegetative nonemergency responses by the body's organs |
| hindbrain | most posterior part of the brain consists of the medulla the pons and the cerebellum |
| brainstem | hindbrain, midbrain, and posterior central structures of the forebrain |
| medulla or medulla oblongata* | hindbrain structure located just above the spinal cord; the medulla could be regarded as an enlarged elaborated extension of the spinal cord |
| cranial nerves | part of a set of nerves controlling sensory and motor information of the head connecting to nuclei in the medulla, pons, midbrain or forebrain |
| raphe system | group of neurons in the pons and medulla whose axons extend throughout much of the forebrain |
| reticular formation | network of neurons in the medulla and other parts of the brainstem; the descending portion controls motor areas of the spinal cord; the ascending portion selectively increases arousal and attention in various forebrain areas |
| cerebellum | large hindbrain structure with many deep folds |
| midbrain | middle of the brain including superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, tectum and tegmentum |
| tectum | roof of the midbrain |
| tegmentum | intermediate level of the midbrain |
| forbrain | most anterior and most prominent part of the mammalian brain including the cerebral cortex and other structures |
| limbic system | set of forebrain areas traditionally regarded as critical for emotion, which form a border around the brainstem, including the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex and several other smaller structures |
| thalmus | pair of structures left and right in the center of the forebrain |
| hypothalmus | forebrain structure near the base of the brain just ventral to the thalamus |
| pituitary gland | an endocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalums by a stalk that contains neurons blood vessels and connective tissue |
| basal ganglia | a group of subcortical forebrain structures lateral to the hypothalmus include three major structures: the caudate nucleus the putamen and the globus pallidus |
| nucleus basalis | area on the dorsal surface of the forebrain; a major source of axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex |
| hippocampus | large structure between the thalmus and the cerebral cortext mostly toward the posterior of the forebrain |
| central canal | fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord |
| ventricles | four fluid filled cavities within the brain |
| cerebrospinal fluid CSF | liquid similar to blood serum, found in the ventricles of the brain and in the central canal of the spinal cord |
| meninges | membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord |
| cerebral cortex | layers of cells on the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres of the forebrain |
| corpus callosum | large set of axons that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex |
| anterior commissure | set of axons connecting the two cerebral hemispheres; smaller than the corpus callosum |
| primates | order of mammals that include humans, chimpanzees gorillas and others |
| lamina (pl. ae) | layers of the cell bodies that are parallel to the surface of the cortex and separated from each other by layers of fibers |
| columns | collections of cells having similar properties, arranged perpendicular to the laminae |
| parietal lobe | section of the cerebral cortex between the occipital lobe and the central sulcus |
| central sulcus | large groove in the surface of the primate cerebral cortex separating frontal from parietal cortex |
| postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory cortext) | gyrus of the cerebral cortex just posterior to the central gyrus; a primary projection site for touch and other body sensations |
| temporal lobe | lateral portion of each hemisphere near the temples |
| Kluver-Bucy syndrome | condition in which monkeys with damaged temporal lobes fail to display normal fears and anxieties |
| prefrontal cortex | anterior portion of the frontal lobe of the cortex, which responds mostly to the sensory stimuli that signal the need for a movement |
| delayed response task | assignments in which an animal must respond on the basis of a signal that it remembers but that is no longer present |
| binding problem (large scale integration) | question of how the visual auditory and other areas of the brain influence one another to produce a combined perception of a single object |
| computerize axial tomography (CT/CAT scan) | method of visualizing a living brain by injecting dye into the blood and then passing x-rays thought the head and recording them by detectors on the other side |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | method of imaging a living brain by using a magnetic field and a radio frequency field to make atoms with odd atomic wights all rotate in the same direction and then removing those fields and measuring the energy that the atoms release |
| electroencephalograph (EEG) | device that measures the brains electrical activity through electrodes on the scalp |
| evoked potentials or evoked response | electrical activity of the brain in response to a stimulus |
| magnetoencephalograph (MEG) | device that measures the faint magnetic fields generated by brain activity |
| positron-emission tomography (PET) | method of mapping activity in a living brain by recording the emission of radioactivity from injected chemicals |
| functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) | modified version of MRI that measures energies released by hemoglobin molecules in an MRI scan and then determines the brain areas receiving the greatest supply of blood and oxygen |
| lesion | damage to a structure |
| ablation | removal of a structure |
| stereotaxic instrument | device for the precise placement of electrodes in the brain |
| sham lesion | control procedure for an experiment in which an investigator inserts an electrode into a brain but does not pass a current |
| gene-knockout approach | use of biochemical methods to direct a mutation to a particular gene that is important for certain types of cells transmitters or receptors |
| transcranial magnetic stimulation | application of an intense magnetic field to a portion of the scalp to influence the neurons below the magnet |
| inferior colliculus | swelling on each side of the tectum in the midbrain |
| superior colliculus | swelling on either side of the tectum responsible for certain aspects of vision including eye movements |
| neuroanatomy | anatomy of the nervous system |
| pons | hindbrain structure, anterior and ventral to the medulla |
| spinal cord | part of the CNS found within he spinal column; it communicates with the sense organs and muscles below the level of the head |
| substanstia nigra | midbrain area that gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway |
| frontal lobe | section of cerebral cortex extending from the central nervous sulcus to the anterior limit of the brain, containing the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex |
| occipital lobe | posterior (caudal) section of the cerebral cortex |
| precentral gyrus | gyrus of the cerebral cortex just anterior to the central sulcus, site of the primary motor cortex |
| prefrontal lobotomy | surgical disconnection of the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain |
| phrenology | pseudoscience that claimed a relationship between skull anatomy and behavioral capacities |
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