A260: Ch. 4 - Histology

Terms	Definitions
simple squamous epithelium	for protection; skin, lining of vessels, heart, lungs, body cavity membranes, inner surface of ear drum
simple cuboidal epithelium	for secretion; kidney, glands, ducts
simple columnar epithelium	for absorbtion; stomach, small intestines
pseudostratified columnar epithelium - ciliated	movement of mucus, other particles; larynx, trachea, bronchii, auditory tubes
simple columnar epithelium - ciliated	movement of mucus, other particles; respiratory tract, auditory tubes, uterus
stratified squamous epithelium	protect against abrasion; skin, corneas, mouth, through, anus, vagina
transitional epithelium	stretching; urinary tract
areolar connective tissue	loose packing, support, nourishment; throughout the body
dense regular collagenous connective tissue	strong pulling force; tendons, ligaments
adipose connective tissue	cushion, insulate, energy storage; subcutaneous areas, renal pelvis, kidneys, mammary glands
compact bone	support, strength; outer portions of all bones, the shafts of long bones
hyaline cartilage	provides rigidity, flexibility; trachea, bronchii, ribs, nose, embryo skeleton
elastic cartilage	rigidity with more flexibility; external ears, epiglottis, auditory tubes
fibrocartilage	somewhat flexible, capable of withstanding considerable pressure; intervertebral disks, pubis, articular disks of knee, temporal mandibular joints
skeletal muscle	movement of the body; voluntary control, striated, fibers parallel, multi-nuclear; attaches to bone
cardiac muscle	pumps the blood; involuntary, striated; branching, short, cylindrical; nucleus at periphery; heart
smooth muscle	regulates organ size, forces fluid through tubes, controls light in eye, goosebumps; involuntary, smooth (non-striated), tapered (spindle or fusiform), central nuclei; stomach and intestine, skin and eyes
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm	What are the embryonic tissue germ layers?
ectoderm	Which embryonic tissue germ layer is the outer layer and becomes skin, nervous tissue?
mesoderm	Which embryonic tissue germ layer is the middle layer; muscle, bone, & blood vessels?
endoderm	Which embryonic tissue germ layer is the inner layer; lining of digestive tract and derivatives?
(1) structure of cells - shape, (2) composition of extracellular matrix - liquid, solid, semisolid, (3) function of cells	What are the classifications of epithelial and connective tissues?
mainly by function	How is muscle and nervous tissue classified?
epithelium, connective, muscle, nervous	What are the four tissue types?
diffusion, protection, avascular, free surface; found in linings of digestive tract, vessels, cavity linings	What are the descriptions of epithelial tissue?
(1) protection, (2) barrier, (3) permit passage, (4) secretion, (5) absorption	What are the five functions of epithelial tissue?
protects skin, underlying structures	Example of the protection function (epithelial tissue)
prevents loss of water from body through skin	Example of the barrier function (epithelial tissue)
oxygen/carbon dioxide exchanged between air & blood by diffusion	Example of the permits passage of substances function (epithelial tissue)
sweat glands, mucus glands, pancreas enzymes	Example of the secretion function (epithelial tissue)
cell membranes have carrier molecules that regulate absorption	Example of the absorption function (epithelial tissue)
simple, stratified, pseudostratified	What are the epithelial classification - number of layers
squamous (simple, stratified), cuboidal (simple, stratified), columnar (simple, stratified, pseudostratified)	What are the epithelial classification - shape
connective tissue	What type of tissue is mostly matrix (non-fibrous protein), vascular/avascular?
"blast"	"to create"
"cyte"	"to maintain"
"clast"	"to destroy, break down"
"chondro"	root word meaning "cartilage"
"osteo"	root word meaning "bone"
muscle to muscle or muscle to bone	tendon connects . . .
bone to bone	ligament connects . . .
(1) enclose and separate, (2) connects tissues/bones, (3) support and movement, (4) stores, (5) cushion & insulate, (6) transport, (7) protect	What are the 8 functions of connective tissue?
separates muscle, nerves, veins, & arteries	Examples of the enclose & separate function (connective tissue)
tendons = muscle to muscle, muscle to bone ligaments = bone to bone	Examples of the connects tissue function (connective tissue)
bones support the body, cartilage supports the nose, ears, surfaces of joints	Examples of the support & movement function (connective tissue)
adipose tissue stores high-energy molecules (fat); bones store minerals	Examples of the stores function (connective tissue)
adipose tissue	Where does the function cushion & insulate occur?
blood transports substances to the body	Examples of the transport function (connective tissue)
cells of immune system - protect bones - protects inside structures	Examples of the protect function (connective tissue)
phagocytosis	cells ingestion of solid substance (other cells, foreign particles, etc)
adipocytes	cells rare in cartilage, abundant in loose connective tissue
mast cells	cells beneath membranes in loose connective tissue; contain enzymes released in response to injury
white blood cells	cells continuously moving from blood vessels to connective tissue; part of immune system
macrophages	cells from monocytes (WBC type), may be fixed or wandering, phagocytize foreign or injured cells
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells	"stem cells" form adult cell types like fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells
collagen fibers	What fibers are collagen, 6% of body weight, like rope with 3 polypeptides, very strong & flexible but NOT elastic?
reticular fibers	What fibers have very fine collagen fibers, short & thin and branch to form network?
elastic fibers	What fibers contain protein "elastin" and looks like coiled springs that are interwoven?
non-fibrous molecules	What molecules (hyaluronic acid & proteoglycans) constitute most of ground substance in matrix?
adhesive molecules	What molecules hold the proteoglycan agregates?
matrix	What is the area between cells in tissue known as?
collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers, non-fibrous molecules, adhesive molecules	types of matrix substances
embryonic connective tissue	"mesenchyme", forms in embryo during 3rd & 4th week; 8th week become specialized adult cells; leftover connective tissue = umbilical cord = Wharton's jelly
adult connective tissue	loose connective tissue (sometimes referred to as areolar)
forms lacy network	characteristics of areolar tissue
loosely arranged collagen fibers - packing material of most organs; yellow (white) most abundant (white at birth, turns yellow with age); brown found in specific areas like axillae, neck, & near kidneys	characteristics of adipose tissue
embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme); adult	classification of connective tissue
some elastic fibers, forms framework of lymphatic tissue	characteristics of reticular tissue
loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue	two types of adult connective tissue
regular & irregular connective tissue	two types of dense connective tissue
dense regular connective tissue	two types: collagenous and elastic; protein fibers oriented in one direction, eg. tendons, ligaments; with parallel bundles of collagen fibers
dense irregular connective tissue	two types: collagenous and elastic; fibers in meshwork & randomly oriented; in dermis, kidney spleen
hemopoietic tissue	found in bone marrow; red in children, yellow in adults
blood	liquid matrix, carrying food, O2, & waste product
cartilage	cells called chondrocytes (in lacunae); matrix has protein fiber, round substance, and fluid; no blood vessels so heals slowly
nervous tissue	found in brain, spinal cord, nerves; unit of structure is "neuron"; conducts electrical signals
cell body, dendrites, axons	three parts of nervous tissue
neuroglia	support cells of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
cell body (nervous tissue)	The part of the neuron that is the site of general cell functions
dendrites	The part of the neuron that receives action
axon	The part of the neuron that conducts action potentials away from the cell body