Memory/Cognition 3
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Created by:
DanielEnders on May 4, 2008
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36 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering |
| metacognition | thinking about how you think |
| problem solving steps | identifying a problem, generating problem solving strategies, trying a strategy, evaluating the results |
| trial and error | trying possible solutions and discarding those that fail to solve the problem |
| algorithm | problem solving strategy that involves a step-by-step procedure that guaranteees a solution to certain types of problems |
| heuristic | problem solving strategy using a mental shortcut to quickly simplify and solve a problem, but does not guarantee a correct solution |
| insight learning | the sudden appearance (often creative) or awareness of a solution to a problem |
| deductive reasoning | reasoning from the general to the specific |
| inductive reasoning | reasoning from the specific to the general |
| mental set | barrier to problem solving that occurs when we apply only methods that have worked in the past rather than trying new or different methods |
| functional fixedness | when we are not able to recognize novel uses for an object because we are so familiar with it's common use |
| cognitive illusion | systematic way of thinking that is responsible for an error in judgement |
| availability heuristic | a tendency to estimate the probability of certain events in terms of how readily they come to mind. |
| representativeness heuristic | tendency to judge the likelihood of things according to how they relate to a prototype |
| framing | the way an issues is stated. How an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements |
| anchoring effect | tendency to be influenced by a suggested reference point, pulling our response towards that point |
| confirmation bias | tendency to notice or seek information that already supports our preconceptions and ignore information that refutes our ideas |
| belief bias | tendency of our preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, making illogical conclusions seem valid or logical conslucions seem invalid |
| hindsight bias | tendency to falsely report after the event that we correctly predicted the outcome of the event |
| overconfidence bias | tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements |
| divergent thinking | thinking that produces many alternatives or ideas |
| convergent thinking | conventional thinking directed toward a single correct solution |
| language | communication system based on words and grammar; to communicate meaning from person to person and transmit a civilization's accumulated knowledge |
| phonemes | smallest units of sound in spoken language |
| morphemes | the smallest unit of language that has meaning |
| grammar | system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
| syntax | rules that are used to order words into grammatically sensible sentences |
| semantics | a set of rules we use to derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences |
| babbling | an infant's spontaneous production of speech sounds; begins about 4 months old |
| holophrase | one word utterances that convey meaning; characteristic of a 1 year old |
| telegraphic speech | meaningful two word sentences, usually a noun and a verb, and usually in the correct order uttered by 2 year olds |
| overgeneralization or overregularization | application of grammatical rules without making appropriate exceptions ("I goed to the store.") |
| behavioral perspective | language is developed by imitating sounds we hear to create words |
| nativist perspective | idea that the human brain has an innate capacity for acquiring language (language acquisition device) possibly during a critical period of time after birth (Noam Chomsky) |
| social interactionist perspective | babies are biologically equipped for learning language which may be activated or constrained by experiences |
| linguistic relativity hypothesis | our language guides and determines our thinking (Whorf). It is more accurate to say that language influences thought. |
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