The Head/Face/Neck/Nervous System
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43 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Three major structures of the brain | - Cerebrum - Cerebellum - Brainstem |
| What does the cerebrum do? | Seat of consciousness and higher mental functions. Also processes memory, and some involuntary somatic functions. |
| What does the cerebellum do? | Fine tunes motor control and balance. |
| What does the brainstem do? | Processing centre to/from the spinal cord, cranial nerves and cerebrum/cerebellum. |
| What does the midbrain do? | Processes visual and auditory info, and deals with involuntary somatic responses. Also the main seat of the RAS. |
| What does the hypothalamus do? | Endocrine function, kidney function. Hunger, thirst, nausea, temperature control, emotions. |
| What does the thalamus do? | Switching centre between the pons and cerebrum, relaying sensory info. |
| What is the RAS? | Reticular activating system - determines and controls consciousness. |
| What does the pons do? | Interchange point for info from/to other regions of the brain, particularly for sensory info to the thalamus and cerebellum. |
| What does the medulla oblongata do? | Controls respiration, cardioascular system and vasomotor systems. Also relays sensory info to thalamus and cerebellum. |
| Cerebral perfusion pressure | Pressure actually moving blood through the brain. |
| Autoregulation of cerebral perfusion pressure | Process of changing blood pressure to ensure adequate CPP. |
| Four major arteries providing blood to the brain | Internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. |
| Vitreous humour | Fluid in the posterior chamber of the eye |
| Aqueous humour | Fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye |
| List the four major blood vessels that transverse the neck | - Internal/external/common carotid arteries - Internal/external jugular veins - Subclavian arteries/veins |
| Six major parts of the brain | - Cerebrum - Diencephalon (hypothalamus, thalamus, pituitary) - Mesencephalon (midbrain) - Pons - Medulla oblongata - Cerebellum |
| What does the pituitary do? | Releases hormones under control of the hypothalamus. |
| What area of the brain controls speech? | Temporal lobe |
| What area of the brain controls vision? | Occipital lobe |
| What area of the brain controls personality? | Frontal lobe |
| What area of the brain controls balance/coordination? | Cerebellum |
| What area of the brain controls higher sensory processing? | Parietal lobe |
| What area of the brain controls higher motor control? | Frontal lobe |
| What area of the brain controls the RAS? | The lateral medulla and pons, but especially the midbrain. |
| Two system the supply blood flow to the brain | - Vertebrobasilar system (posterior) - Carotid system (anterior) |
| What parts of the body are controlled by the cervical brachial plexus? | Diaphragm, shoulders and arms |
| What nerve(s) are controlled by the plexus at C1-C5 (cervical plexus)? | Prenic nerve (diaphragm) |
| What nerve(s) are controlled by the plexus at C5-T1 (cervical plexus)? | Axillary, radial, median, musculocutaneous and ulnar nerves. |
| What nerve(s) are controlled by the plexus at T12-L4? (lumbar plexus)? | Femoral and obturator nerves (lower abdomen, thighs, glutes). |
| What nerve(s) are controlled by the plexus at L4-S3 (sacral plexus)? | Sciatic nerve (legs). |
| What region of spinal nerves is involved in the sympathetic nervous system? | Thoracic and lumbar nerves |
| What region of spinal nerves is involved in the parasympathetic nervous system? | Sacral and cranial nerves |
| Autonomic ganglion | Processing centre where nerves of the autonomic nervous system interact with other nerves. |
| Collateral ganglia | Ganglia located in the abdominal cavity that is stimulated as part of the sympathetic nervous system. |
| Process of sympathetic nervous system stimulation | Ganglia located near spine. Pre-ganglionic neurons release ACh to postganglionic neurons. These send nerve fibres to target organs where NE is released. |
| Process of parasympathetic nervous system stimulation | Ganglia located near target organs. Preganglionic neurons release ACh to postganglionic neurons. These send nerve fibres to target organs where ACh is released. |
| Other effects of sympathetic nervous system stimulation | Tissues not directly innervated by sympathetic nervous system can be affected by NE or epinephrine released by adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic direction. |
| Types of sympathetic nervous system receptors | - Adrenergic (most), including alpha1, alpha2, beta1 and beta2 receptors. - Dopaminergic, cause dilation of specific arteries. |
| What do alpha1 receptors do? | Cause vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, and increased metabolism. |
| What do alpha2 receptors do? | Inhibit over-release of NE in a synapse. Located on presynaptic membrane. |
| What do beta1 receptors do? | Increase heartrate, cardiac contractility and cardiac conduction. |
| What do beta2 receptors do? | Vasodilation, bronchodilation, lower metabolism (opposite of alpha1 receptors). |
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