Apologia Biology Module 6
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45 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Absorption | The transport of dissolved substances into cells. |
| Digestion | The breakdown of absorbed substances. |
| Respiration | The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy. |
| Excretion | The removal of soluble waste materials. |
| Egestion | The removal of nonsoluble waste materials. |
| Secretion | The release of biosynthesized substances. |
| Homeostasis | Maintaining the status quo. |
| Reproduction | Producing more cells. |
| Cytology | The study of cells. |
| Cell Wall | A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant bacteria cells. |
| Middle Lamella | The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells. |
| Plasma Membrane | The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and either the cell wall or the cells surroundings. |
| Cytoplasm | A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended. |
| Ions | Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons. |
| Cytoplasmic Streaming | The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents. |
| Mitochondria | The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy. |
| Lysosome | The organelles in animal cells responsible for hydroysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids. |
| Ribsomes | Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | An organelle of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell. |
| Rough ER | ER that is dotted with ribosomes. |
| Smooth ER | ER that has no ribosomes. |
| Leucoplasts | Organelles that store starches or oil. |
| Chromoplasts | Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis. |
| Central Vacuole | A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes. |
| Waste Vacuoles | Vacuoles that contain the waste products of digestion. |
| Phagocytosis | The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells. |
| Phagocytic Vacuole | A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs. |
| Pinocytic Vesicle | Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules. |
| Secretion Vesicle | Vesicle that holds secretion products so that they can be transported to the plasma membrane and released. |
| Golgi Bodies | The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell. |
| Microtubules | Spiral strands of protein molucules that form a tubelike structure. |
| Nuclear Membrane | A high-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. |
| Chromatin | Clusters of DNA, RNA and proteins in the nucleus of a cell. |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of fibers that hold the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement. |
| Microfilaments | Fine, thredlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton. |
| Intermediate Filaments | Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments. |
| Phospholipid | A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group. |
| Passive Transport | Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of smosis or diffusion. |
| Active Transport | Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy. |
| Isotonic Solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution. |
| Hypertonic Solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution. |
| Plasmolysis | Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water. |
| Cytolysis | The rupuring of a cell due to excess internal pressure. |
| Hypotonic Solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution. |
| Activation Energy | Energy necessary to get a chemical reation going. |
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