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archeology the science of uncovering of the story of prehistoric people artifacts human-made objects from the past. anthropology science dealing with the origin, races, customs, and beliefs of humankind culture the people's unique way of life. homonid humans and other creatures that walk upright. eg- australopithecines, homo habilis Paleolithic Age The old stone age 2.5 million - 8000 B.C. was known for the use of stone tools Neolithic Age The New stone age which went from about 8000 B.C to 3000 B.C. People who lived during this learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops, and raise animals. Homo habilis 2.5 million-1.5 million b.c. they were discovered in east africa. there brain size of 700cm³ and they were the the first to make stone tools. Homo erectus 1.6 million- 30,00 bc. they were discovered in africa, asia and europe. there brain size 1,000cm³ technology tools and skills people use to meet their basic needs Homo sapiens means 'wise men'. they have much larger brains. they are more related to modern humans. Neanderthals lived from 200,000-30,000 b.c. discovered in Europe, and southwest Asia. there brain size 1,450 cm³ Cro-Magnons from 40,000-8000 bc. they were discovered in europe. there brain size 1,400cm³. they created art. Nomads highly mobile people who moved from place to place foraging, or searching, or searching, for new sources of food. hunter-gatherers people who hunt animals and gather food Neolithic Revolution when humans went from being nomad/hunter gatherers to settling in one place and farming slash-and-burn farming small groups practiced this, where they cut trees or grasses and burned then to clear a field and the ashes would fertalize the soil. farmers would then plant crops for a year or two and then move to another area. domestication the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food Catal Huyuk One of first cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religionsr Irrigation to supply land with water by making ditches or channels. surplus a quantity much larger than is needed civilization a group of people with ways of life, religion, and learning, a society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes city a large and densely populated urban area specialization the development of skills in a specific kind of work artisan a skilled worker who practices some trade or handicraft government the institution through which the state maintains social order, provides public services, and enforces binding decisions on citizens institution a long-lasting pattern of organization in a community merchant Someone who buys and sells goods to earn money scribe professional record keepers cuneiform means "wedge shaped" , Sumerian writing made by pressing a wedge-shaped tool into clay tablets pictograph a picture or drawing representing words or ideas plow Was created by the Sumerians in 6000 B.C., a farm tool having one or more heavy blades to break the soil Bronze Age a period in human history, beginning around 2500 B.C. in some areas, during which people began using bronze, rather than stone, to fashion tools and weapons. Ur A city of ancient Sumer in southern Mesopotamia on a site in present-day southeast Iraq. One of the oldest cities in Mesopotamia, it was an important center of Sumerian culture after c. 3000 B.C. and the birthplace of Abraham. bazaar a market consisting of a street lined with shops; a place where miscellaneous items are sold barter exchange goods without involving money, a form of trade in which people exchange goods and services without the use of money temple place of worship ziggurat a pyramid shaped monument temple built by the ancient Sumerians stratification the act or process or arranging people into classes Fertile Crescent An area of rich soil in the Middle East, stretching from the Mediterranian Sea through Mesopotamia to the Persian Gulf Mesopotamia first civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq;In greek term it means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture city-state state consisting or city and all the countryside around it. it functions like an indapendant country. dynasty a series of rulers from the same family cultural diffusion The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one culture to another polytheism belief in more than one god amalgamate to mix, combine and unite societies Sargon of Akkad about 2350 BC A conqueror from Akkad, north of Sumer, who took over all of Mesopotamia and created the world's first empire. empire a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler Hammurabi in about 2000 BC , King of the Babylonian empire (1792-1750 bc) ; creator of the Code of Hammurabi, cataract a large waterfall; any strong flood or rush of water delta Triangular area of marshland formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of some rivers Narmer King of Upper Egypt about 3000 BC. Conquered lower Egypt and set up first government that ruled all Egypt. First Egyptian dynasty. pharaoh a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader theocracy government run by religious leaders pyramid Huge, triangular shaped burial tombs of Egyptian pharaohs built during the Old Kingdom hieroglyphics an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas canal a narrow, man-made channel of water that joins other bodies of water subcontinent a large landmass that forms a distinct part of a continent (india, pakistan and Bangladesh) monsoon rainy season,heavy rains, and seasonal winds loess yellow (silt) fertile soil Shang Dynasty the imperial dynasty ruling China from about 1700-1027 bc. Its was the first family of chinese rulers to leave written records. oracle bones cattle bones or tortoise shells on which Chinese priests would write questions and then interpret answers from the cracks that formed when the bones were heated Mandate of Heaven in Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority dynastic cycle the historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties feudalism a political system and a social system where by a powerful lord would offer "protection" in return for "service" Zhou Dynasty Around 1027. dynasty that developed after the fall of shang, claimed to have the mandate of heaven. he brought new ideas to the chinese civilization